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THE cz 

FESTAL LETTERS 


OF 


ATHANASIUS, 


DISCOVERED 


IN AN ANCIENT SYRIAC VERSION, 


AND EDITED BY 


WILLIAM CURETON, M.A. F.R.S. 

CHAPLAIN IN ORDINARY TO THE QUEEN ; 

ASSISTANT KEEPER OF MANUSCRIPTS IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM. 



LONDON: 

PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY FOR THE PUBLICATION 
OF ORIENTAL TEXTS. 

SOLD BY 

JAMES MADDEN & C°. 8, LEADENHALL STREET. 


MDCCCXLVIII. 








I 




LONDON: 


WILLIAM WATTS, CROWN COURT, TEMPLE BAR. 



TO HIS GRACE 


FRANCIS, DUKE OF BEDFORD, K.G. 


My Lord DuK*fc, 

I have not requested permission to dedicate 
this volume to your Grace merely for the personal 
gratification of enjoying the honour which such per¬ 
mission from one of your high character and rank 
must confer,—but rather that I may have an oppor¬ 
tunity of publicly acknowledging my own obligations, 
and of making known to others how far their gratitude 
also is due to your Grace’s exertions. 

Your name stood at the head of the subscription to 
promote the first literary mission into Egypt in the 
year 1838, and your Grace further encouraged and 
supported it by your personal interest and influence. 

An interval of nearly ten years had not diminished 
your zeal in the same good cause, and your Grace 
was again the first, in 1847, to make those efficient 
exertions which have been successful in obtaining for 
the British nation the last remaining portion of the 
ancient library of the Syrian Convent in the valley of 
the Natron Lakes. 

The acquisition of these inestimable volumes, of 
such venerable antiquity, has conferred a literary 
honour upon Great Britain, which even persons unac- 



quainted with their contents can sufficiently estimate 
to feel indebted to those who have been chiefly in¬ 
strumental in securing for our own country this 
unrivalled distinction. 

For myself, having examined these volumes, almost 
leaf by leaf and page by page, I am so deeply im¬ 
pressed with the conviction of their extreme import¬ 
ance, not merely for the objects of literature, but fur¬ 
ther, for the sacred cause of truth, of their theological 
as well as their historical and philological value, that I 
cannot adequately express my own gratitude to one, to 
whom we are all so much indebted for their acquisition 
as we are to your Grace. 

May the time be not far distant, when more en¬ 
couragement held out to these severe and difficult 
studies—which indeed require a fostering hand to 
protect them till they ripen to maturity—shall engage 
many other labourers in this field of inquiry; and, 
consequently, excite in many others the same sense 
of obligation to your Grace as I myself entertain. 

I have the honour to be, 

My Lord Duke, 

Your Grace’s most obedient Servant, 

WILLIAM CURETON. 

British Museum, 

March 1,1848. 




TO TIIE READER. 


More than twenty months have passed since I announced 
my intention of publishing the Text of a portion of the Syriac 
version of the long-lost Festal Letters of St. Athanasius, which 
I had discovered; and of adding, at the same time, an English 
translation, and such notes and illustrations as I might deem 
requisite. At the time that I made this announcement the 
text was already printed, and I only waited for the leisure 
necessary to enable me to complete my task. 

In the meanwhile, the whole of the impression of the Syriac 
version of St. Ignatius having been exhausted, and great de¬ 
mand having been made for a new edition, both in England 
and on the Continent, I have found it necessary to devote all 
the time which I could command to prepare and carry through 
the press, not so much a new edition, as an entirely new work 
on the subject of the Ignatian Epistles. As this time can at 
most amount to no more than a very few hours in each week, 
and even these few hours stolen from those which ought 
justly to be dedicated t6 repose and relaxation after the 
daily labours of my official duties, I feel that I have some 
claim to the indulgence of the learned if I be more tardy in 
accomplishing what I have promised than my announcement 
may have led them to expect, or my own zeal have antici- 



TO THE READER. 


pated. In the ease of these Festal Letters of St. Athanasius 
this delay has been attended with advantage, for I am now 
able to give to the world, not only a greater number of 
these Epistles of the great champion of orthodoxy, but also 
to exhibit in a perfect state several which previously were 
mutilated and incomplete. 

As the text of these letters alone now forms not an in¬ 
considerable volume, I have been unwilling to withhold 
them from the learned for the long and indefinite period 
which, with my present occupation and engagements, must 
elapse before I could venture to hope for sufficient lei¬ 
sure to complete the translation, and to make the researches 
which would be necessary to enable me to add such notes 
as I intended to accompany the work. In some other 
country, perhaps, where this branch of literature is more 
encouraged, aryl consequently better cultivated and under¬ 
stood, some scholar may be found who will be ready to 
undertake the task of presenting these Letters to the public in 
an European dress, before I can find the leisure requisite to 
do so. He will have my full concurrence and my best wishes. 
It will be no mean honour for him to be the first, after the 
lapse of centuries, to offer to the theologians of Europe the 
Letters in which St. Athanasius, through a series of succeed¬ 
ing years, exhibited to those under his spiritual superin¬ 
tendence a notification of the day on which they were to 
celebrate the annual commemoration of the Resurrection of 
our Lord. I shall be content to have extracted the ore 
from the mine, to be wrought and polished by another. 

But that my book may not in the meanwhile be altogether 
useless, and without interest to such as have not directed 
their attention to the same branches of study as myself, I 
have given in my Preface a statement of the exact day, both 


TO THE READER. 


according to the Roman and Egyptian months, upon which 
Easter was celebrated, as indicated by Athanasius, during the 
whole period of his patriarchate; and I have added such 
other chronological or historical facts, supplied by these 
Epistles, as seemed to me to be most deserving of notice. 

With regard to the text, I have endeavoured to exhibit it 
in every respect as I found it. Having but one manuscript, I 
have felt it to be my duty to alter nothing, but to present 
even the obvious errors of the transcriber exactly as they 
occur. This is one reason why I more particularly regret 
publishing the text without a translation; and without notes in 
which I might have pointed out such mistakes as evidently be¬ 
long to the copyist, while I now run the risk of having them 
attributed to myself. Even with all the care and pains that 
I could bestow, I find that some errors of my own have 
been committed;—Indeed, the state of this copy, which, 
among the hundreds of Syriac manuscripts that have passed 
through my hands, is certainly the most difficult to read of 
any that I ever saw, would render it not unpardonable were 
they more numerous;—-but nevertheless, I am unwilling to 
have those errors laid to my charge which I certainly have 
not committed. 

I have elsewhere observed, that nothing can be more irre¬ 
gular, in the generality of manuscripts, than the orthography 
of Greek words adopted into the Syriac, and of the foreign 
names of persons and places exhibited in that language. I 
have seen no manuscript which afforded more examples of 
this abundant and extreme irregularity than that from which 
I have copied these Letters of Athanasius. 

If the part of this volume first printed prove to be more 
correct than the other, it is due to Dr. Lee, Regius Professor 
of Hebrew at the University of Cambridge, and to Professor 


TO THE READER. 


Tullberg of Upsala*, both of whom kindly read the proof- 
sheets as they passed through the Press. To both I beg to 
offer my very sincere thanks. 

It is also my gratifying duty to express the great obliga¬ 
tions I am under to the Committee of the Society for the 
Publication of Oriental Texts for defraying the expense of 
printing this volume. 


* The liberality of the Swedish Government has twice supplied Dr. 
Tullberg with the means of visiting this country for the purpose of extending 
his researches in Oriental literature. Upon the last occasion he has drawn 
largely from our treasures of Syriac lore. His own zeal, animated by national 
encouragement, affords us good ground to hope that no long period will inter¬ 
vene, before the learned of Europe generally will derive much advantage from 
his last visit to England. 



PREFACE. 


I. 

Among numerous other remains of some of the most eminent 
writers of the early Christian Church, which, having long 
been supposed to have perished, I have discovered still 
to exist in the literature of the East, the work which I now 
give to the public would mei^it the full attention of theo¬ 
logians, even were it only the celebrity of the author that 
gave it a title to demand their consideration. Some interest, 
therefore, will naturally be felt, upon its being now brought 
to light for the first time after the lapse of centuries, to learn 
how and where it was discovered. I will endeavour to 
satisfy any curiosity which may arise on this head in a few 
words. 

When Dr. Tattam, now Archdeacon of Bedford, returned 
from Egypt in the year 1842% having so successfully accom¬ 
plished the object of the mission with which he had been 
entrusted by Her Majesty’s Government, the inestimable 
treasures of Syriac literature which he had been fortunate 
enough to obtain were delivered to the Trustees of the 
British Museum, and deposited in our National Library. 
In the course of official duties, the task of classifying the 
volumes, of gathering together, collating, and arranging the 
numberless fragments and loose leaves of which this col- 


* See, respecting Dr. Tattam’s mission into Egypt, and the collection of 
Syriac Manuscripts which he obtained from the monastery of St. Mary Deipara, 
in the Valley of the Natron Lakes, called also Nitria, Scete, or the Valley of 
the Jscetics, an Article in the Quarterly Review, No. CLIII. Dec. 1845. 

0 ) 


a 






11 


PREFACE. 


lection consisted, and of drawing up a summary of their 
contents, devolved upon me. At the first sight of such an 
immense mass of broken, scattered, and confused materials, 
the labour appeared to be enormous; and I almost shrank 
from the task as one too great for me to hope to accom¬ 
plish within the utmost limit of that portion of my life 
which I could wish to pass in this kind of occupation. But a 
warm zeal in the cause which I had in hand, strengthened and 
encouraged by the satisfaction of having had the expectation! 
which I had entertained, even while they were in the desert, 
of seeing and handling these precious volumes thus realized, 
the delight of becoming acquainted with their contents, and 
the hope of obtaining leisure at some subsequent period to 
open their stores to others, tended much to lighten the labour, 
and enabled me almost to complete the task much sooner 
than I could have ventured to anticipate. 

Among other works which time and neglect had rendered 


t It is due to the memory of the late Duke of Northumberland that 1 
should take this first opportunity which has occurred to me of stating the 
gratitude which all who take an interest in this precious collection of Syriac 
MSS., and I in particular, owe to his Grace for the steps which he took 
to effect the acquisition of them for the National Library. At the request of 
his brother, the present Duke, he attended, in his capacity as Trustee of 
the British Museum, although at the time suffering from illness, to bring 
before the Board a motion, the result of which was, the application of the 
Trustees to the Lords of the Treasury for that grant which enabled them to 
send again into Egypt to procure these MSS. I cannot look upon it other¬ 
wise than as a favourable omen, with respect to future good likely to result to 
the study of this branch of literature, that three Noblemen, holding the highest 
rank in the peerage of this country, the two whom I have just mentioned, Par 
Nobile Fratrum , and the noble Duke to whom I have been permitted to dedicate 
this volume, should have been amongst the most zealous and active in making 
exertions to obtain a collection which will afford ample materials for many 
labourers in this hitherto little cultivated, but most important field, for many 
years to come. 



PREFACE 


111 


imperfect, and left but fragments only of them remaining, I 
discovered a portion of the Festal Letters of St. Athanasius. 
The volume to which these fragments belonged had origi¬ 
nally been composed of a number of quires, each consisting 
of five pieces of vellum of folio size, laid one upon the other, 
and then folded and sewed together, so as to form ten quarto 
leaves, or twenty pages. At the bottom of the first and last 
page of every quire was a letter, indicating its numerical 
order in the arrangement of the volume. The portions of 
the book which I found were, the last leaf of the first quire, 
marked the eight middle leaves of another, which I have 
since ascertained to be the fourth quire, the first and last 
leaves of the fifth, marked Ct3, and the whole of the sixth and 
seventh quires, with the numeral signatures €1 and I. In 
these were comprised a portion of the Introduction, the last 
part of the sixth and the first part of the seventh, together 
with a part of the tenth and eleventh, the whole of the 
twelfth, thirteenth, fourteenth, seventeenth, eighteenth, and 
nineteenth Letters, and the first part of the twentieth. The 
fifteenth and sixteenth had been already lost before the 
Epistles were collected together into one. volume.* 

Delighted at having recovered so much of a long series of 
Official Letters by one of the most celebrated Bishops of 
Christian antiquity, whose genius has exercised an influence 
upon the Church for fifteen centuries, whose zeal and suf¬ 
ferings for the orthodox faith, and the stirring circumstances 
of the period at which he lived, must give an interest to 
every genuine line that has proceeded from his pen, I resolved 
at once to transcribe, translate, and publish the contents of 
these fragments, and to add also a few passages from other 


* See note at the end of the fourteenth, p. 




IV 


PREFACE, 


of his Festal Letters, which, in the course of my reading, I had 
observed cited by other authors, whose works were contained 
in the collection of Syriac manuscripts then in my hands. 
The transcript was made at such intervals of leisure as I 
could command; and the text was committed to type in the 
spring of the year 1846. 

The part of the present volume printed at that time is com¬ 
prised in the pages noted with Syriac numerals. The first 
fifty embrace the contents of the fragments of the manuscript 
in which the collection of the Festal Letters had been com¬ 
prised. The remaining four pages contain extracts from the 
twenty-seventh, twenty-ninth, and forty-fourth Epistles, cited 
by Severus * in his work against Grammaticus; and also the 
celebrated passage from the thirty-ninth Letter, exhibiting 
a list of the Canonical Books of Scripture which has been 
preserved in the Greek, as cited by Theodorus Balsamon.f 
The Syriac version of this I have copied from an anonymous 
Commentary on the Scriptures. J 

At the time when this portion of the volume was printed 
I did not venture to cherish the hope of ever recovering any 
other parts of the manuscript to which the fragments then in 
my hands belonged. I believed that the entire Syriac library 
of the monks of the Convent of St. Mary Deipara had been 
removed; nor did I suppose that these precious relicks of the 
ancient learning of the Oriental Churches, w 7 hich I was 
arranging with affectionate and reverential care in the British 
metropolis, had left others of their fellows, not less venerable, 
and equally precious, in the same degraded and neglected 

* Cod. Add. 12,157, fol. 201. 

t In his Scholia in Canones Conciliorum Patrumque. See Beveridge’s 
Svvoducov, sive, Pandeetae Canonum, Vol. ii. p. 42. 

} Cod. 12,168. 






PREFACE. 


V 


condition as they had occupied for centuries, in a miserable 
cell in one of the most lonely deserts of the world. So emi¬ 
nently successful had Dr. Tattam’s expedition been, that I 
could not hope for any more success; and so abundant were the 
treasures with which he returned, that I naturally concluded 
the mine to be exhausted. The event has proved this conclu¬ 
sion to have been ill founded; for although Dr.Tattam’s agree¬ 
ment with the monks embraced the whole of their collection, 
they nevertheless concealed and withheld a large portion of 
their library. This, however, only kept back for a time the 
rest of the manuscripts; and the delay has redounded both 
to the honour of the Trustees of the British Museum, by 
giving them an additional opportunity of exerting themselves 
for the advantage of the Institution over which they preside, 
and likewise to the great credit of the actual Lords of her 
Majesty’s Treasury, by affording them also an occasion of 
shewing their generosity in so good a cause, and of thus 
being placed upon an equality with their official predeces¬ 
sors, who had liberally furnished the means of acquiring for 
the British nation the first importation of this inestimable 
collection of ancient manuscripts, which now forms a most 
, distinguished portion of our National Library, and has 
rendered it, in this class of literature, unrivalled in all the 
world. 

I avail myself of this as a favourable occasion to record, in 
a few words, the manner in which the remaining part of 
this library was rescued from the obscurity of a cell in 
the monastery of the lonely valley of Nitria, and found a 
more suitable habitation in the British Museum. 

Early in the year 1845 M. Auguste Pacho, a native of Alexan¬ 
dria, and nephew of M. Jean-Raimond Pacho, who has left be¬ 
hind him a considerable reputation by the posthumous publi- 


VI 


PREFACE. 


cation of his travels in Africa*, made a visit to London, in the 
hope of obtaining some confidential employment, for which 
his intimate knowledge of oriental manners and customs, his 
native acquaintance with the Arabic tongue, and with several 
European languages, rendered him admirably qualified. He 
brought a letter of introduction from M. Reinaud, who at 
this moment holds the distinguished position of President de 
l’Academie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres of the Institute of 
France, recommending him to such good offices on my part as 
I might have any opportunity of affording him ; and during 
his sojourn in London I had the pleasure of meeting him 
occasionally. After having remained a few months only in 
this country, M. Pacho was recommended by his medical ad¬ 
visers to seek some milder climate, as the only means of 
restoring his health, which had been much impaired during 
his residence in England, and he at once decided to return 
to his native country, Egypt. 

Upon his communicating to me this decision, I thought 
that a favourable opportunity was hereby presented of endea¬ 
vouring to obtain additional treasures of literature, which I 
doubted not might still be lurking in the Egyptian convents, 
and thus not only to rescue them from obscurity, and perhaps 
from destruction, but also to add them to the already abundant 
stores of the Institution to which I have the honour of being 
attached. I accordingly shewed to M. Pacho the acquisitions 
which Dr. Tattam had made in Egypt, and entreated him to 
neglect no opportunity which his residence in that country, 
and his knowledge of the language and customs of the natives, 


* Relation (Fun voyage dans la Marmarique, la Cyrena'ique, et les Oasis 
d’Audjelah et de Maradeh, accompagnee de cartes geographiques et topogra- 
p’niques, et de planches representant les monuments de ces contrees, par 
M. J. R. Pacho. 4to. Paris, 1S27. 





PREFACE. 


Vll 



/ 


might afford, to acquire ancient manuscripts ; by which he 
would not only confer an essential benefit upon literature; but 
might also, if he were successful; render considerable and 
material service to himself. With this exhortation; and my 
best wishes, I bade him farewell. 

Once or twice a letter, relative to this matter, had reached 
me in the course of the year 1846. In the spring of 1847 
I was delighted to receive intelligence that he had heard 
of the existence of a considerable number of Syriac manu¬ 
scripts, and that he was resolved to use his utmost exertions to 
endeavour to obtain them. In the month of July another letter 
brought me the news that he was then in possession of nearly 
two hundred volumes, with many fragments and loose leaves, 
which he had succeeded in procuring from the very monastery 
of St. Mary Deipara, in the Desert of Nitria, from which the 
manuscripts that he had seen when in London had been ob¬ 
tained ; and that they were in fact the remaining part of the 
collection which had been purchased by Dr. Tattam, that had 
been concealed and secretly kept back by the Religious 
Brethren of the Valley of the Ascetics. His letter also 
stated that he intended to start from Alexandria by the 
next packet that was to sail for England, and bring the books 
which he had been so successful in obtaining directly to 
London. This was indeed a gratifying announcement to me; 
and I eagerly waited for the arrival of a collection of manu¬ 
scripts, in which I hoped not only to discover additional 
treasures, but also to obtain the means of completing several 
important works, among those that I had already explored, 
which I had found to be defective and imperfect. 

Another letter, dated from Malta, following a few weeks 
later, gave me some apprehension. I learnt thereby that 
M. Pacho, instead of proceeding immediately to England, 





Viii PREFACE. 

had determined upon passing through France, and taking 
Paris in his route ; and I was too well acquainted with the 
zeal of the learned Orientalists of that metropolis, and of the 
keepers of the Royal Library, not to fear that they might 
manifest some eagerness to partake in the honour and advan¬ 
tage of possessing a share in one of the most remarkable 
and important collections of the writings of antiquity which 
had ever been transported from the east to the west. 

This diversion of M. Pacho’s journey certainly cost me 
much anxiety : probably it has also cost Her Majesty’s 
Treasury some additional pounds sterling. Still, however, 
the result has proved prosperous to all parties. I have been 
rewarded in having my expectations most amply realized; 
the Trustees of the British Museum have received a most 
valuable, and, for them, an inestimable accession to the 
institution under their direction; the Lords of Her Majesty’s 
Treasury have earned a large and lasting mead of praise for 
their judicious liberality upon so eminent an occasion; and 
M. Pacho has had the satisfaction of having rendered an 
essential service to literature, and a substantial benefit to 
himself. The manuscripts became the property of the British 
Nation on Saturday, the 11th of November 1847. 

I will add a few words here, to explain how they came 
into the possession of M. Pacho. After a few months’ resi¬ 
dence at Cairo, some circumstances transpired, which in¬ 
duced him to believe that good faith had not been kept 
with Dr. Tattam* by the Rais of the monastery and Mo¬ 
hammed, a servant and interpreter, whom, in conjunction 
with the Shaikh of the village of Beni Salame, on the border 
of the Nile, he had employed to negociate the purchase of 

* See Dr. TattairFs letter, relating this transaction, in the Quarterly Re¬ 
view, No. CLIII. for Dec. 1845, p. 59. 






PKEFACE. 


IX 


the entire library belonging to the monastery ; but that a part 
of the volumes had been fraudulently retained, although the 
strongest asseverations had been made that the whole had 
been delivered up, according to their agreement. With a most 
laudable intention, M. Pacho determined to ascertain the truth 
of this matter, and to visit in person the habitation of the 
ascetics for that purpose. This resolution, being once taken, 
was soon put into execution; and he shortly afterwards found 
himself the guest of the monks, shut up in the dismal walls 
of their dreary abode, and subject to all the inconveniences 
which their love of filth, or hatred of cleanliness, must neces¬ 
sarily impose. 

It now became requisite for him to proceed with the greatest 
caution, if he wished to ascertain any further tidings respect¬ 
ing the manuscripts. These ascetics of the desert had not 
dealt uprightly with Dr. Tattam : and they knew that any dis¬ 
closure respecting the remainder of their library would at the 
same time also make another disclosure, not very creditable 
to themselves. Further, their superstitious fears and feelings 
had been wrought upon; for the very day after they had 
delivered up the books, and received the payment, they 
were deprived of the tenure of a tract of land on the borders 
of the Nile, which they held under the Pasha for the mainte¬ 
nance of their establishment. This loss they looked upon 
as a punishment sent from heaven; not, indeed, on account 
of their having transgressed the heavenly laws in their deal¬ 
ings with Dr. Tattam, but on account of their having sold a 
part of the library belonging to their monastery; and they 
began to look forward with some degree of apprehension to 
the fulfilment of the solemn imprecations denounced by the 
various donors of the several volumes upon any who should 
dare to alienate them, or remove them from the monastery— 

(f) b 



X 


PREFACE. 


that their names may be blotted out of the Book of Life, and 
their portion and lot be cast with Pontius Pilate and Judas 
Iscariot. But these apprehensions shortly after vanished, 
when another convenient opportunity of obtaining money 
occurred. 

For six weeks M. Pacho remained in the company of these 
inhabitants of the lonely Valley of the Ascetics; at the end 
of which period he had so far gained their good will, that 
they ventured to shew him the remainder of their library, 
and even to treat with him for the purchase of it. The 
terms of the bargain were soon concluded. 

He now ascertained the extent of the fraud practised upon 
the former occasion. Dr. Tattam had despatched Mohammed 
for the purpose of negociating, through the intervention of the 
above-mentioned Shaikh, the purchase of the library from the 
monks. He believed that the transaction would be more easily 
accomplished by means of these Orientals, than if he were to 
appear in the business himself, especially as he must be com¬ 
pelled at last to rely upon Mohammed, on account of his being 
unable to speak their language, which prevented him from 
having any direct communication either with the Shaikh or with 
the monks themselves. Undoubtedly this proceeding of Dr. 
Tattam’s was the best that could have been adopted, if the 
honesty of the parties engaged could have been relied upon ; 
and, under the circumstances in which he was placed, it was 
the only course to which he could in prudence resort. The 
bargain was thus concluded for a certain sum to be paid for 
the entire collection. Dr. Tattam went himself with the money 
to the village of Beni Salame, whither the books were to be 
sent, and despatched Mohammed with men and donkeys 
to convey them across the desert. When he arrived at the 
monastery the brethren felt some reluctance to give up all 




PREFACE. 


XI 


their collection : separating therefore, in a hasty and indiscri¬ 
minate manner, not merely the volumes, but also quires, and 
even leaves, of the same volume, they divided the books into 
two heaps, and left it to Mohammed’s choice to select which 
he pleased. At the same time they stipulated that they should 
receive the whole amount that had been agreed upon, and left 
it to him to represent to his employer that he had executed 
his task in obtaining the entire library. 

Dr. Tattam, who had inspected the collection during his 
visit to the monastery in his first excursion into Egypt, upon 
receiving the portion chosen by Mohammed at once declared 
his conviction that it did not comprise all the volumes which 
he had seen; but so strong were the affirmations, both of 
Mohammed and the Rais who had accompanied him with 
the books from Nitria to Beni Salame, that he was fain to 
acquiesce in their assurances. The sum agreed upon for the 
whole collection was accordingly paid. This amount Moham¬ 
med, the Rais, and the Shaikh, divided into two parts: one 
they distributed amongst themselves, for their own private uses, 
and the other they sent to the monastery, for the common 
purposes of the whole religious community. Much disap¬ 
pointment at first was expressed by the Brethren when the 
Rais returned with only half the amount that they had 
hoped to receive; but he soon silenced their murmurs by 
the justice of the observation which he urged upon them— 
that having themselves kept back half of the volumes, it was 
unreasonable for them to expect that the purchaser should 
remit to them more than half the sum which had been agreed 
upon for the wdiole collection. 

Fully acquainted with the character of the parties with 
whom he had to deal, M. Pacho proceeded upon his business 
with all due caution. He superintended in person the pack- 


Xll 


PREFACE. 


mg of the books within the walls of the monastery ; he 
caused every fragment, even the smallest that he could find, 
to be carefully collected; and, further, he offered a price, 
varying according to the size, for every quire, leaf, or even 
remnant of a leaf, which, having been removed from the 
apartment where the rest of the books had been kept, might 
be discovered by any of the monks in their own cells, or in any 
other part of the building. Having thus secured, as he be¬ 
lieved, and as it seems most probable, almost every fragment 
that could still remain, he transported his acquisition across 
the desert to the Nile, and appointed Cairo as the place 
whither the Brethren w T ere to meet him and receive payment 
for their books. 

Part of the amount agreed upon was paid to them as soon 
as they arrived; but M. Pacho still withheld for a time the 
remaining part, till he should receive ample assurance that 
the whole of the Syriac manuscripts belonging to their library 
had been given up to him according to their agreement, and 
that none had been concealed and retained. He justified this 
method of proceeding to the monks who waited upon him 
for payment by alleging their previous conduct with respect 
to Dr. Tattam; and when at length, after some delay, he 
found that no more books were produced, he concluded that 
he had indeed obtained the whole of the remaining part 
of their library, since the anxiety evinced by the good Bre¬ 
thren to obtain the money was ineffectual to discover even any 
additional fragments. 

Before he ultimately delivered the whole of the amount into 
their hands, he required them to sign a document, in which 
they affirmed that they had sold to him all their Syriac manu¬ 
scripts ; and that if any should be discovered in their monas¬ 
tery, or elsewhere in their possession, at any period subse- 




PREFACE. 


Xlll 


quent to the date thereof, they were to become at once the pro¬ 
perty of M. Pacho, or of those to whom he should have trans¬ 
ferred his right in this matter. Further, to be still more secure, 
he required the Superior to publish a sentence of excommu¬ 
nication against any one of the Brethren who should have 
withholden any part of this Syriac collection, and did not 
immediately deliver it over to the person to whom they had 
consigned all their interest in these manuscripts. He had 
perhaps discovered, during his residence among the monks* 
that this latter precaution was not altogether needless. One 
of them, who had concealed a part of a book, was terrified 
by this denunciation, and forwarded it afterwards to M. 
Pacho in time for him to receive it just before he left Egypt. 

Before quitting Cairo he received a visit from the above- 
mentioned Mohammed, who confessed to him that he had 
left behind in the monastery a portion of the library, when he 
was in the employment of Dr. Tattam, and stated that he 
should be happy to devote his services to endeavour to obtain 
for him the remainder of the volumes, if he had any wish to 
procure them. M. Pacho gave him the best proof that he 
had no need of such services, by taking him into the next 
room, and shewing him the books already in his possession. 

The manuscripts left the convent on the 31st of July, were 
shipped at Alexandria in the Oriental Steam Navigation 
Company’s vessel “ Indus ” on the 10th of September, and 
ultimately reached London on the 12th of October. 

The day after their arrival I went to inspect them. At 
the first view I could almost have imagined that the same 
portion of the library as had been brought, nearly five years 
previously, by Dr. Tattam, was again before me in the same 
condition as 1 found it when the books were first taken from 
the cases in which they had been packed, as if the volumes 


XIV 


PREFACE. 


had been stripped by magic of their Russia, and clad in their 
original wooden binding; and the loose leaves and fragments 
which had cost me many a toilsome day to collect and ar¬ 
range, had been again torn asunder, and scattered in almost 
endless confusion. 

I found the collection to consist of a considerable number of 
volumes, and a large quantity of disjointed quires and separate 
leaves. Among the latter of these I immediately perceived 
several additional parts of the book of the Festal Letters of 
Athanasius. As it was then uncertain whether this portion of 
the library of the monks of Nitria w T ould be added to that which 
already belonged to the British nation, or would be transferred 
to some other country, I requested M. Pacho to allow me to take 
a copy of such of these Letters as were found among the manu¬ 
scripts in his possession, in order that I might add them to 
those which had been already printed, and thus give the whole 
of them to the public together. To this request he at once 
assented, and permitted me to carry them away with me to 
my own house. This was in two ways advantageous to me. 
It gave me the means of rendering my work as complete as 
all the known materials would admit, without the necessity of 
making a journey into another country, should he ultimately 
have determined upon removing his collection of manu¬ 
scripts from this; and at any rate, even although the volumes 
should be deposited with the rest in the British Museum, it 
enabled me to make the transcript at once, and publish my 
book, which I otherwise could not have effected for several 
months later, till the advance of summer should leave me 
some hours of daylight after the period of my official duties, 
to make the copy within the precincts of the British Museum. 

The parts of the volume which I found among M. Pacho’s 
manuscripts were, the first quire, except the last leaf, the 




PREFACE. 


XV 


whole of the second and third quires marked the 

first and last leaves of the fourth JJ, and the six middle leaves 
of the fifth quire. In these were contained the Introduction, 
the five first Epistles and parts of the sixth, seventh, tenth, 
and eleventh, occupying those fifty'six pages of the present 
volume which are not numbered with the Syriac numerals. 

II. 

It would be foreign to the subject which I have before me 
to enter at present into any further account respecting the 
rest of this collection. I hope to do this upon another occa¬ 
sion. But nevertheless I have found amongst them one frag¬ 
ment and one volume, each so remarkable, that the interest 
attached to them will, I am sure, secure for me the reader’s 
indulgence, even should it appear somewhat out of place to 
mention them here. 

Those who have been at the trouble to read an article in 
the hundred and fifty-third Number of the Quarterly Review, 
headed “British Museum—Manuscripts from the Egyptian Mo¬ 
nasteries,” will probably remember that the honour of having 
been the first of our own countrymen to bring to light any of 
the literary treasures of the Syrian convent belongs to the pre¬ 
sent Duke of Northumberland, who, in the year 1828, under¬ 
took a journey across the Egyptian desert to the lonely 
valley of Nitria, for the express purpose of endeavouring to 
procure a copy of a Coptic and Arabic Dictionary, which 
he had understood was to be found there, in order to assist 
Dr. Tattam in his lexicographical labours. 

Nor will they have forgotten the interesting account fur¬ 
nished by the Hon. Robert Curzon, Jun., of his visit to the 
same convent in the year 1837, in which he states his regret 
at having been compelled to leave behind him a large im- 


XVI 


PREFACE. 


perfect quarto volume, which he recognised again a few years 
afterwards in my hands in the British Museum. This Manu¬ 
script, with forty-eight others, was obtained by Dr. Tattam in 
his first excursion into Egypt, and brought to England in 
1839. It is already famous among the learned in Europe as 
containing a Syriac version of the Theophania of Eusebius, 
the original text of which has been lost for ages; but the 
work is now made accessible to all by the labours of Dr. 
Samuel Lee, to whom we are indebted for an edition of the 
Syriac Text,* and likewise for a learned translation. This 
same precious volume contains also the work called the 
Recognitions of St. Clement; the Treatise of Titus, Bishop of 
Bostra or Bozra, in Arabia, against the Manicheans ; the Book 
of Eusebius upon the Martyrs of Palestine, and his Oration 
in praise of the Martyrs. The proximity of the time at which 
this manuscript was transcribed to the period when the 
two last-mentioned authors lived, within about seventy years 
of the date assigned to the death of Eusebius, and about forty 
years of that of Titus of Bostra,f must of itself necessarily give 
great importance to a transcript of these works, following so 
soon upon the time when they were composed. I believe there 
is no copy in existence of any other work of such antiquity 
which has been transcribed so near to the date of its original 

* Eusebius, Bishop of Caesarea, on the Theophania, or Divine Manifesta¬ 
tion of our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ. A Syriac Version, edited, from a 
Manuscript recently discovered, by Samuel Lee, D.D., Regius Professor of 
Hebrew in the University of Cambridge ; Canon of Bristol; &c. 8vo. London. 
Printed for the Society for the Publication of Oriental Texts. 1842. 

Eusebius, Bishop of Caesarea, on the Theophania, or Divine Manifestation 
of our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ, translated into English, with Notes, 
from an ancient Syriac Version of the Greek original, now lost; by S. Lee, 
D.D., &c. &c. 8vo. Cambridge, at the University Press. 1843. 

f According to Jerome, he died in the reign of the Emperor Valens. 
Liber de viris illustr. cap. cii. edit. Veronae. 





PREFACE. 


XVII 


composition. Its value is enhanced still more by the fact, 
that the work of Titus, of which a considerable portion has 
been lost in the original Greek, is found here complete;*' 
while that on the Martyrs of Palestine is exhibited in a 
more extended, and, I believe, in a more authentic state, than 
in the edition of the Greek which is usually inserted in the 
eighth book of the Ecclesiastical History of Eusebius.t 

The original Greek text of the Recognitions of Clement has 
been lost; but there exists a Latin version made by Rufinus, 
presbyter of Aquileia. In his Preface he tells us that he had 
found it expedient to omit several passages which he did not 
perfectly comprehend:+ his translation, consequently, cannot 
be understood to be an exact counterpart of the work. It is, 

* The whole of the fourth and part of the third book of the Greek are lost. A 
Latin version of what remains of this work was made by F. Turrianus, and pub¬ 
lished, in 1606, by Canisius, in the Fifth Volume of his Lectiones Antiques, 
p. 36. The Greek Text was published from the only existing copy in the Holstein 
Library at Hamburgh, in 1725, by J. Basnage, in the Thesaurus Monumento - 
rum Ecclesiasticorum,Yo\. i. p. 59. A more correct edition, in 1769, has been 
given by Gallandi in Bibliotheca Veterum Patrum , Vol. v. p. 266 : “ Titi Bos- 
trensis Episcopi Libri tres adversus Manichaeos. Interprete Francisco Tur- 
riano. Accesserunt Supplementa e Parallelis Damascenis Rupefucaldinis.” 

t De Valois, in his notes upon the Martyrs of Palestine, in the eighth book 
of the Ecclesiastical History, has supplied, from a very ancient manuscript which 
belonged to Claude Joly, a Latin version of the Acts of Procopius, that 
corresponds with the Syriac Text of this manuscript.—See Reading’s Edit, 
tom. i. p. 406. 

$ See his Preface to Gaudentius. Puto quod non te lateat, dementis hujus 
in Graeco ejusdem operis ava'yvaxreeov, hoc est Recognitionum, duas editiones 
haberi, et duo corpora esse librorum, in aliquantis quidem diversa, in multis 
tamen ejusdem narrationis. Denique pars ultima hujus operis, in qua de 
transformatione Simonis refertur, in uno corpore habetur, in alio penitus non 
habetur. Sunt autem et quaedam in utroque corpore de ingenito Deo geni- 
toque disserta, et de aliis nonnullis, quae, ut nihil amplius dicam, excesserunt 
intelligentiam nostram. Haec ergo ego, tanquam quae supra vires meas essent, 
aliis reservare malui, quam minus plena proferre. Cotelerius, edit. Antv. 
1698. Vol. i. p.485. 



xvm 


PREFACE. 


therefore, highly interesting to have now another translation 
before us, in which we have no ground to suppose that 
a similar liberty has been taken with the original text. I 
cannot, in this place, make any attempt to determine the 
period at which this Syriac version was made. It is probably 
anterior to the Latin, and this very copy of it was certainly 
transcribed within about twelve years* of the time when 
Rufinus completed his task. I have stated so much, in order 
to give the reader a notion of the literary, historical, and theo¬ 
logical value of the contents of this most precious volume, 
independently of any of the external circumstances connected 
with its history. 

When Dr. Lee published his edition of the Syriac Text of the 
Theophania, he expressed an opinion “ that the manuscript 
was probably not less than a thousand years old.” He had not 
at that time discovered a transcript of a note of the date on the 
margin of one of the leaves in the body of the volume, which 
assigned to it the antiquity of nearly five additional centuries. 
This he afterwards found, and inserted it in the preface to 
his translation of the work, which appeared two years later. 
He confesses that “ he was once inclined to think that the 
manuscript could not be so old as this date made it, from the 
appearance of the manuscript, and from some other conside¬ 
rations but after having examined the arguments on both 
sides, he ultimately acquiesces in the genuineness of the 
transcript of the note recording the date, and consequently 
in the antiquity which it attributed to the volume. 


* It is evident, from the words of his own Preface, that Rufinus made this 
translation after his return from Palestine, 397, and in his old age. Pere- 
grinas ergo merces multo in patriam sudore transvehimus—Nos tamen quos— 
et senecta jam tardos reddit ac segnes. He died A.D. 410, or the year before 
the transcription of this Manuscript. 



PREFACE. 


XIX 


This book had been entrusted by Dr. Tattam to Professor 
Lee, for the purpose of enabling him to publish the Theo- 
phania, soon after his first return from Egypt; and when the 
other volumes were delivered up to the Trustees of the 
British Museum, it was still allowed to remain in the hands 
of the learned Professor, till he should have completed the 
important task upon which he was engaged. I did not, 
therefore, become acquainted with this manuscript until my 
experience, from having carefully examined and compared 
the rest, enabled me, from an inspection of the vellum, the 
colour of the ink, and the character of the writing, to form a 
tolerably accurate notion of its probable age. I had at that 
time in my hands a great number of volumes, written at diffe¬ 
rent places and by various scribes, exhibiting a series of 
about sixty dated manuscripts, reaching from A.D. 1292 * up 
to A.D. 464,t of which twelve had been transcribed in the 
sixth century, the first in A.D. 509, the last A.D. 600. I had 
thus ample means, in the comparison of those which bore the 
record of their age, to form an estimate of the relative 
antiquity of such as had not been dated, or of which the 
note of their date had been lost. Even a slight examination 
of this volume convinced me that it was the earliest that 
I had ever seen, and that I could not attribute to it an an¬ 
tiquity of less than about fifty or sixty years before the earliest 
dated manuscript that I had found in the whole collection. 
This would assign its transcription to about A.D. 414, or 404; 
a period so near 1 to the time fixed by the note found in the 
margin that I could not for a moment question either its 
genuineness or its accuracy. 

I transcribe here this note as it is read on the margin 


* A Liturgical Manuscript on Paper, Cod. Add. 14,699. 
t A copy of Genesis and Exodus, Cod. Add. 14,425. 




XX 


PREFACE. 


of one of the leaves of that part of the volume which contains 
Eusebius’ Treatise on the Martyrs of Palestine, fol. 238. b. 

ocn 1t^]o VcuLi* Ijct }:dLs> ctZ^» fcm aLSsc.? octj] *-+**} oy** 
v^LsZl* oiZfitO aio ]oct ]j.sct . <jizjo2)o aio yoL**? 

wvf.^3 ^>012 Zu=> ]Li + t ho *^ct5o|-Z) ]™ict \oLs 
L-^Zo IP^l^zla Lias 

P* |-s5ct L-sL-s ^cZ |oct wZuL-sj ysjLc ^]o . ^.^La] 
.j.^ja*j.s Lias ^j| L-sL-s ]s5ct^ ,-J^>cto )LssoZ 

“Behold, my brethren, if it should happen that the end 
of this ancient book should be torn off and lost, together 
with the writer’s subscription and termination, it was written 
at the end of it thus : viz. that this book was written at Orrhoa *, 
a city of Mesopotamia, by the hands of a man named Jacob , in 
the year seem hundred and twenty-three in the month Tishrin the 
Latter it was completed . And agreeably to what was written 
there, I have written also here, without addition. And what 
is here, I wrote in the year one thousand and three hundred 
and ninety-eight of the era of the Greeks.” 

These dates, reduced to our era, give A.D. 411 for the time 
of the transcription of the volume, and A.D. 1086 for that of 
the note. I have not at this moment the means of ascer¬ 
taining the name of the person to whom we are indebted for 
having taken this precaution to preserve the record of the 
date of this beautiful book, which, being at that time six 
hundred and seventy-five years old, certainly deserved, even 
then, to be considered an “ ancient book.” I think, however, 
that it is not improbable that I may be able hereafter to 
identify the handwriting with some other more distinct 


* Edessa of the Greeks and Romans, supposed to be “ Ur of the Chaldees," 
and the modern Orfa. See an account of this city in Buckingham^ Travels in 

Mesopotamia. 2vols. 8vo. Lond. 1827. Vol. i. p. 122. 






PREFACE. 


XXI 


notices found among the volumes of this collection, and thus 
find the means of ascertaining to whom this is due. 

The fact of his having made this note at all seems to imply, 
that, even at that early period, the books belonging to the 
monastery of the Syrians were already beginning to fall into a 
state of neglect; and that, from the want of due care being 
taken to bind and repair them, the first and last leaves, or 
even quires of some of them, had already been lost. At a 
subsequent period this neglect became truly deplorable. In 
the whole collection now in the British Museum, containing 
portions of considerably more than a thousand distinct 
volumes, certainly not fifty were found in a complete state 
upon their arrival; although much labour has subsequently 
succeeded in collecting and arranging the disjointed and 
scattered parts of many more. 

Among those which had suffered was the inestimable 
volume of which I am now speaking. The end of it, as 
the writer anticipated, had been torn off, and the record of 
the date of its transcription lost. When Dr. Lee deposited 
the volume in the British Museum in 1843, I immediately 
began to search among the loose leaves and fragments of 
that portion of the library which Dr. Tattam had obtained 
during his second excursion into Egypt, in the hope that I 
might perchance be able to discover (( the end of that ancient 
book which had been torn off and lost.” Although disap¬ 
pointed in this hope, I had nevertheless the satisfaction of 
finding a considerable part of two additional leaves of this 
manuscript, of which indeed every fragment is precious. 

When I first had the gratification of examining that portion 
of the library of the Nitrian monastery which arrived in 
England in 1847, I immediately recognised numerous frag¬ 
ments of volumes which were familiar to me; and not more 



XXII 


PREFACE. 


than a few minutes passed before I had the pleasure of 
finding one entire leaf, and soon afterwards another, belong¬ 
ing to that precious book, the peculiarity of whose features 
were so deeply impressed upon my mind. This second leaf 
was not only complete in itself, but had also attached to it a 
small fragment of the corresponding leaf in the same quire, 
both of which had been formed of one piece of vellum, of 
folio size, folded into quarto. The back of this fragment I 
observed had been left blank: I thus ascertained that it 
must have belonged to the last page of the volume; and con¬ 
sequently to that which had contained the original subscription 
of Jacob, the scribe of Orrhoa. I now felt that I might even 
venture to indulge the hope of finding the very subscription 
itself; and I anxiously looked forward to the time when I 
should have an opportunity of opening and examining at lei¬ 
sure about twenty small bundles, which were pointed out to 
me as containing fragments only of leaves, which had been 
swept from the floor of the room in which the manuscripts 
had reposed for ages. Not many days later, when these, with 
the rest of the collection, were transferred to the British Mu¬ 
seum, this opportunity was afforded me. One by one I untied 
the bundles, and diligently and eagerly examined their con¬ 
tents. As I opened the fourth I was delighted at recog¬ 
nising two pieces belonging to one of the leaves of this precious 
book: in the next I found a third. And now, Reader, if thou 
hast any love for the records of antiquity; if thou feelest any 
kindred enthusiasm in such pursuits as these; if thou hast 
ever known the satisfaction of having a dim expectation gra¬ 
dually brightened into reality, and an anxious research re¬ 
warded with success—things that but rarely happen to us in 
this world of disappointment—I leave it to thine own imagi¬ 
nation to paint the sensations which I experienced at that 




PREFACE. 


XX111 


moment when the loosing of the cord of the seventh bundle 
disclosed to my sight a small fragment of beautiful vellum, 
in a well-known hand, upon which I read the following 
words: 

. w£dq^ ]£uZZ 1 :dA 5 |*<n 1Zumso 

o o o o o o 

,.:d}^z>o j-A.cn j.~o f^o j^-z^o 1-Z2p |^qa 

.^Zscjo ^Loj 

o o o o o o 

Ioa ^V-a-Z j*cn |Z t *ais 

****** ^[otj] 2ud[> j]£i[i-^D] w^nioja A^Zo ^fm^[o] 
“ There are completed in this volume three books—Titus, 
and Clement, and He of Caesarea. 

“ Glory to the Father, and to the Son, and to the Holy 
Ghost, now and at all times, and for ever. Amen and Amen. 

“ This volume was completed in the month Tishrin the 
Latter, in the year seven hundred and twenty-three, at 
Orrhoa, a city of Mesopotamia ******” 

No more, indeed, of this inscription remains; but this was 
enough to repay me for the labour of my research, and to 
confirm and verify the facts connected with it. 

The first of these sentences is written in red, the second in 
yellow, and the third in black. 

Among all the curiosities of literature, I know of none 
more remarkable than the fate of this matchless volume. 
Written in the country which was the birth-place of Abraham 
the Father of the Faithful, and the city whose king was the 
first sovereign that embraced Christianity*, in the year of 


* See Eusebius'’ account of the conversion of Abgar in the 13th chap, of the 
first book of his Ecclesiastical History. I have found amongst the Syriac 
manuscripts in the British Museum a considerable portion of the original Ara¬ 
maic document, which Eusebius cites as preserved in the archives of Edessa,and 


various 







XXIV 


PREFACE. 


our Lord 411, it was, at a subsequent period, transported to 
the Valley of the Ascetics in Egypt, probably in A.D. 931, 
when two hundred and fifty volumes were collected by Moses 
of Nisibis during a visit to Bagdad* *, and presented by hi m, 


various passages from it, quoted by several authors, with other testimonies which 
seem to be sufficient to establish the fact of the early conversion of many of the 
inhabitants of that city, and among them, of the king himself, although his 
successors afterwards relapsed into Paganism. These, together with accounts 
of the martyrdom of some of the first bishops of that city, forming a most inter¬ 
esting accession to our knowledge of the early propagation of Christianity in 
the East down to about A.D. 300, I have already transcribed, and hope to 
publish, with a translation, and such illustrations as may appear necessary. I 
regret that the little leisure which I have for such labours will not allow me 
even to speculate upon the probable time when I may be able to fulfil this 
intention. 

* In a considerable number of the volumes now in the British Museum 
the original record of this acquisition and donation by Moses of Nisibis is still 
preserved, apparently in his own hand-writing. The reason of his visit to 
Bagdad seems to be furnished by Al-Macrizi in the following passage of his 
work upon Egypt, which is entitled, ^ L_J 

Al-Macrizi’s words are, ^ 

AAjJI jsOsi, 

^ —Aib 

“And in the year 313 (A.D. 925), the Yezir Ali Ibn Isa Ibn al-Jarrah came 
to Egypt; and he searched into the condition of the country, and imposed the 
payment of a tribute upon the bishops, and monks, and infirm Christians, and 
they paid it. Some of them, therefore, went to Bagdad, and petitioned Al- 
Muctadir-Billah. He accordingly wrote to Egypt that tribute should not be 
taken from the bishops, and monks, and the infirm.” See “ Macrizi’s 
Geschichte der Copten,” ed. F. Wustenfeld, p. re. 

Besides procuring two hundred and fifty volumes during his visit to Bagdad, 
the Abbot Moses seems also to have employed the resources within the monas¬ 
tery for the laudable object of increasing its library. A note at the end of a 
copy of Gospels, in what is generally called the Philoxenian version, mentions 
that the volume was transcribed for him about three or four years after his 
return from Bagdad. Brit. Mus. Cod. Add. 14,469. 

Ajla jjen ^ 





PREFACE. 


XXV 


upon his return, to the monastery of St. Mary Deipara, over 
which he presided. 

In A.D. 1086 some person, with careful foresight, fearing lest 
the memorial of the transcription of so valuable, beautiful, and, 
even at that remote period, so “ ancient a book,” should be lost, 
in order to secure its preservation took the precaution to copy 
it into the body of the volume. At how much earlier a period 
the fears which he had anticipated became realized I have no 
means of ascertaining; but in A.D. 1837 “the end of the 
volume had been torn off,” and in that state, in A.D. 1839, it 

cnohz) |f=) t ^cz) P**5 qcd* ^ oA-sZ) Ujcu t 3 

ct-JdA-s |qa fO wZ 30 Z Ur 4 ? Uqazjo P*ims] ^.j^cu 

ct~=> ^|f^fA*i ]aq^q^> 

oct U«^~ P^J Ijct \jd 

]octj ^Aao ]Aa^ |ZjZ»j |^a!lsow»CTO^jZo 

.^^|o »«*ct> 1^| ]^^z:o ^|o |A^£:d |Zq3Zqa ct:d cnlz 

“ But this book was completed in the year one thousand, two hundred, and forty- 
seven of the Greeks (A.D. 935), and it was written in the convent of the 
Syrians, in the Desert of Scete. But John, a guest, and in name a monk, and 
in degree again a presbyter, when deserving, wrote it. But he wrote it for 
Moses the Abbot of the same place, who is called of Nisibis. May every one, 
therefore, who reads in this book of the Holy Gospel, pray for the sinner who 
wrote it, that he may obtain favour, and all the dead belonging to him, and 
every child of the Holy Church, like the thief who was on the right hand (of the 
cross): and every one, therefore, who has communion with him, either in word 
or deed, or in any other cause whatever! Yea. Amen.” 

The following is a copy of the note of Moses the Abbot himself, as it is 
found inscribed upon the first or last leaf of several volumes now in the British 
Museum. I have transcribed it here from the last leaf of a copy of the Book 
of Daniel, dated A.D. 531. Mus. Brit. Cod. Add. 14,445. 

,]ct.^ ]>ct ]j^ Uo^ooio ]buio foa+P 

Ur 4 *] Uct \zdLz> |ioo c^u*z) .wm^l 
.^oct.^q-£D ^=>)> U 1 ^* 4 ^ iHr®- 4 * 

]*z>^ wiZ| ^ .<--aj| lA-aiG-3 CT.-iz wOoi^Zl^o 

U^ Q<4 ° . qhaZ oct ]ct.2^^ . oo* Ur*?° ^5 Ijct 

Po ,fOa\.o ^aZoZvA]^ ct.^ |m*kj . ^oct:d 

. ^0 ^CCTLlZc wAJp 

0) d 





XXVI 


PREFACE. 


was transferred from the solitude of the African desert to the 
most frequented city in the world. Three years later> two of 
its fragments followed the volume to England; and in 1847 I 
had the gratification of recovering almost all that had been 
lost, and of restoring to its place in this ancient book the 
transcriber’s own record of the termination of his labours, 
which, after various fortunes, in Asia, Africa, and Europe, has 
already survived a period of one thousand, four hundred, 

AND THIRTY-SIX YEARS. 

One of the first manuscripts that I took up, when I went 
to inspect the books in M. Pacho’s possession, was a thick 
octavo volume, which at the first sight I perceived to be a 
Palimpsest. The traces of a beautiful and ancient Greek 

o| °1 . jjo 

OCT O . |?CT ^Qj| o] o| 

,-^CT 1-5ZLs> ^OZ| .”6£u] 

. 

“ To the honour and glory and magnificence of this monastery of Deipara, of the 
Syrians, of the Desert of Scete, Moses, mean and a sinner, the Abbot, who is 
called of Nisibis , gave diligence, and acquired this book, together with many 
others, two hundred and fifty, many of which he bought, and others were 
given to him by some persons as a blessing, when he went to Bagdad on ac¬ 
count of this holy Desert and the monks who are in it. May God, for whose 
glory, and for the benefit of those who read in them (he obtained the books), 
pardon him, and the dead belonging to him, and every one who has been in 
communion with them! It is not permitted to any one by the living word of 
God, that he should act dishonestly with respect to any one of them, in any 
way whatever: nor appropriate them to himself. Neither that he should wipe 
out this memorial, or make any erasure, or cut, or order another to do so, nor 
give them from this monastery. Whosoever dares to do this, let him know r 
that he is accursed. These books arrived with the above-mentioned Abbot, 
Moses, in the year of the Greeks one thousand two hundred and forty-three,” 
A.D. 931. Assemani has given a note, copied from one of these volumes now 
in the Vatican, almost in the same words; but I am inclined to believe that he 
has ventured to correct the orthography, and, in one or two instances, I think 
he has not rendered the meaning accurately. See Bibliotheca Orient Vol. ii. 

p. 118. 






PREFACE. 


XXV11 


character under the Syriac were sufficiently apparent; and 
in some cases it was evident that entire lines, and even pages, 
with a good light and careful observation, might be read 
without any very great difficulty. The first word that caught 
my eye was Tempos'*, at the commencement of a line; and as 
it was manifest at once, from the arrangement of the lines, 
that the work was written in verses, a bright gleam of hope 
immediately flashed across my mind that I might be holding 
in my hand the most ancient transcript hitherto discovered 
of a large portion of the noblest poem of Grecian antiquity. A 
little subsequent examination converted my hope into convic¬ 
tion ; and I had the high gratification of reading line after line 
of the immortal Iliad, emerging from the obscurity of nearly 
a thousand years, to which some rude and ruthless hand had 
consigned it, and assuming the character and form with 
which it had been invested at least three or four centuries 
before. I found, also, that not this one Greek manuscript only 
had been erased, to make room for the present contents of 
the volume, but that two others had also shared the same fate. 
The work which had been preferred to occupy their place 
is a Syriac version of the Treatise of Sever us of Antiochf 

* Iliad xxiii. 1. 862. 

t Severus succeeded Flavian as Patriarch of Antioch A.D. 513, and was 
expelled A.D. 519, on account of his opposition to the Council of Chalcedon. 
He was a man of great learning and ability, and the author of numerous 
theological and polemical writings, which appear to have been so industriously 
suppressed by his opponents, that little more than the titles of his works—and 
not even all of these—have been preserved in the Greek. (See Fabricius, 
Bibliotheca Gr. Vol. ix. p. 343). The greater portion of them is now 
restored to us in the Syriac, and forms a most important accession for the 
ecclesiastical history of the early part of the sixth century. He will now be 
permitted to speak for himself; and later posterity may judge how far he has 
been justly treated or maligned by his theological opponents, who laboured so 
industriously to stigmatize his name with the infamy of heresy; a charge so 
easily made, and so readily believed, even in the nineteenth century, that it is 
by no means impossible that it might have been falsely imputed in the sixth. 




XXV111 


PREFACE. 


against Grammaticus. The first part of it only is con¬ 
tained in this volume, which ends with these words at 
the bottom of the first page of the last leaf but one— 

|Zg^£) yG-^.A 

f.Z>]3 j.^Z3GA V jioj-ffi 

^Z)}-S-^-Z!o 1-aoi . ]-A^ t rv 

“ Here endeth the transcription of the First Division of the 
second book of my Lord Saint Severus the Patriarch against 
Grammaticus. Glory to the Father, and to the Son, and to the 
Holy Ghost, now and at all times, and to all eternity. Amen.” 

On the second page of the same leaf the following note 
occurs, written by the same hand as the rest of the volume: 
]»1.^L^QA> |3g^£DO ].A* *A£ U‘ t 3 }j01 jsiis UAOloZuj 

^1,0 (TLA^J 9 J.j3Zg^ ^g^lLd w^ai^iiDO w^l£u*Z]j . 

:^ 1 D 1-tOi^ l-l-Su^G* h^n ^’99 oai p ooi> : 

{.A^ZUaO j.^A-0 ^Q^Qa ^9 . Cll^> ]?fJO {OCl^lL <o5Zjj? 

. ^^CZjS* ^Q^^Qa IjlDG^D 

^.Zs. }3jJ u-OIG^UaV CllLO O 01*2.19 oj 01-Z3 jj»QJj 

y*] yDG.^.3 <G11 a*2\JJ |_Z)oZ\.-=> j.-1-DO *.^l2U*Zj> ccn 

]ZLA«*|i5^ |Zg^j.=) 

^Ld)o ^g|o |cn^> Z t X* h^oLoo |2u*aA^co 

“ This book belongs to Daniel, a secular* presbyter and Saur 
(Visitor) of the province of Amida, who gave diligence and 
procured it for the benefit of himself and of those who, pos¬ 
sessed with the same object of love of divine instruction, may 
approach it, and desire to profit their lives by the truth wdiich 
is in it. But the poor Simeon, presbyter, and a recluse, 
who is in the holy convent of my Lord Simeon of Cartamin*, 
transcribed it. May every one, therefore, who asks for it, 

* I have used the word ‘ secular J here, and ‘ recluse J below, from the want 
of more appropriate words to convey the meaning of U=> “ externus,” and 

“inclusus.” See Assemani, Dis. de Syris Monophysitis, prefixed to 
Vol. ii. of his Bibliotheca Orientalis. 

* Cartamin is situated near Mardin in Mesopotamia. See Assemani, ibid. 









PREFACE 


XXIX 


that he may read in it, or write from it, for the sake of the 
love of God, pray for him who gave diligence and obtained it, 
and for the scribe, that they may find mercy in the day of 
judgment, like the thief who was on the right hand [of the 
Cross], through the prayers of all the Saints, and more par¬ 
ticularly of the holy and glorious and perpetual Virgin, the 
Mother of God, Mary. Amen and Amen and Amen.” 

On the first page of the last leaf the following notice occurs: 

P^t - 00 .] 5 o}-cd «-*i^ ben 

«.aoio£u| . ];ru^b ] A.i.r ? .. b(n>o| JaQn££L*2)| 

}‘ t Q> (jJZqA . I|cai 

o] oil* ooi .-*cno2u| b.+**L p] .jo 

°l o] ***** OT-1-^5 (Jl^U o] pfc^C 

P^a 0T..Z3 )fC5 001 OLL^O i-JOl 1-3^010-^ 

. ,-^ojo U., ^OQaD j-bC-^y 

\l+> >OQ^Z) l^^y <00013 

“ This volume of my Lord Severus belongs to the reverend 
and holy my Lord Daniel, Bishop of the province of Orrhoa 
(Edessa), who acquired it from the armour of God, when he 
was Saur in the province of the city of Amida, for his own 
benefit, and that of every one who readeth in it. But under 
the word and curse of God is he whosoever steals it, or hides 
or removeth it, ***** or tears, or erases, or cuts off this me¬ 
morial from it, for ever. And through our Lord Jesus may he 
who readeth in it pray for the same Daniel, that he may find 
mercy in the day of judgment! Yea, and Amen and Amen. 

“ And upon the sinner who wrote it may there be mercy in 
the day of judgment. Amen.” 

Afterwards there is written, in another hand, 

fjen | oi 25c| ^ q_a. -i 

yoo.+ZD ciAaaJ P»^sd u^cnO|2i^o crt-L-o jjpo^ . w^o jccoj 

i-jen oi-i-^D b<n | 01-^ \i+y 

^OOV*>‘ZL=> CTL.sifJ P*^£? Ol^A^J 










XXX 


PREFACE. 


“ But at the end of his life he bequeathed it to this sacred 
convent of my Lord Silas, which is in Serug, for the sake of the 
remembrance of himself, and of the dead belonging to him. 
May the Lord have mercy upon him in the day of judgment! 
Amen. Whosoever removeth this volume from this same 
mentioned convent, may the anger of the Lord overtake him 
in this world, and in the next, to all eternity. Amen.” 

Our information respecting the history of the Oriental 
Churches up to this period is so scanty, that I have no source 
to which I can turn to enable me to state at once the period 
when this Daniel was consecrated to the see of Edessa. 
The catalogue of Bishops of that city preserved in the 
chronicles of Edessa, published by Assemani, only reaches to 
the year of the Greeks 1080, A.D. 768*; and consequently 
does not include this Daniel, whom the handwriting of this 
manuscript shews to have lived some time later. It appears 
to be of the end of the eighth or ninth century; and in all 
probability the volume formed a part of the collection which 
was deposited in the monastery of St. Mary Deipara by Moses 
of Nisibis, the Abbot, when he returned from Bagdad in 
A.D.931. This would refer the date of the transcript to 
the end of the ninth, or the beginning of the tenth century 
at the latest; and we may therefore safely conclude that 
about one thousand years must have elapsed since the erasure 
of the three Greek manuscripts, part of the vellum of each of 
which furnished the materials for the transcription of this 
Syriac version of Severus. 

At that period the volume consisted of twenty-three quires, 
each consisting of five quarto leaves of the former books, 
laid one upon the other, and folded together to form ten 
octavo leaves. When it arrived in England, the first quire 


* See Assemani Bibliotheca Orientalis, Vol. i. p.428. 







PREFACE, 


XXXI 


had been torn off. I have discovered pieces of three of 
its leaves among the fragments which had been brought pre¬ 
viously to Dr. Tattam. This, together with the nine follow¬ 
ing quires, contained nearly the whole of the Gospel ac¬ 
cording to St. Luke. In the next thirteen, comprising one 
hundred and thirty octavo leaves, or sixty-five of one of the 
original quarto manuscripts, is contained a part of the Iliad 
of Homer. The last quire consists of what formerly con¬ 
stituted five quarto leaves of a volume of Euclid. 

The present size of one of the leaves of this manuscript is 
twelve inches long by six and a quarter broad, although it 
appears that those of the original book which contained the 
Gospel of St. Luke were rather larger, and that a portion 
of the margin has been removed, to reduce it to the same 
dimensions as the rest of the vellum, of which the volume 
in its present state is comprised. Nearly the whole of this 
Gospel seems to be comprised in these leaves; but I have 
not vet had leisure sufficient to examine it, so as to be able 
to ascertain exactly what are its contents; nor, even were 
leisure afforded me, would it be an easy task to read accu¬ 
rately the faded letters, till the advance of summer brings a 
clearer atmosphere and better light. 

It is written in large uncial characters, about a quarter 
of an inch square. The pages are divided into two columns, 
each about three inches in width, with a space between them 
of nearly an inch. As usual in manuscripts of this antiquity, 
there is no separation between the words; and occasionally 
two or three of the last letters in each line are written in 
a smaller character. Each page consists of twenty-five lines. 
As I hope hereafter to be able to publish an accurate col¬ 
lation and facsimile of this very ancient manuscript of the 
Gospel of St. Luke, it is not necessary that I should enter 
into any further detail respecting it in this place. I give 




XXX11 


PREFACE. 


however here, as a short specimen, the contents of one page, 
commencing with Ch. i. v. 69. It is printed in columns, in 
the same number of lines, and with the same quantity of 
letters in each line, as it is found in the manuscript. The 
type however bears no resemblance to the characters of the 
manuscript; and the smaller letters found at the end of some 
of the lines are not indicated. 


KEPAZZnTHPI 
AIHMINENTn 
OIKHAAATOY 
fl AI AOXAYTOY 
KA0I2XEAAAH 
XEN AfAITO 
M A T O X T 12 N 
A r I n N TI2 N 
a n a i n n o x 
n PO<f>HTflN 
AYTOYXI2TH 
PIANEEEX©Pi2N 
HMD. NKA1EK 
X E I POX n AN 
TI2N M ! XOYN 
T 12 N H MAX 
flOlHXAl EAEOX 
M ET AT 12 N n A 
TEPI2N H MI2N 
KA IMN HXOH 
NAl A!A0H KHX 
A Tl AXAYTOY 
OPKONONI2 
MOXENOPOX 
ABPAAMTONnPA 


HM12NTOY 

AOYNAIHMIN 

A<!>0 BOX E KXE1 

POIT12NEK 

XOPI2NHMI2N 

PYXOENTAX 

AATPEYEIN 

A YTI2ENOX! 

OTHTIKAIAi 

KAIOIYNH 

EN12FIIONAY 

TOYRAXAXTAX 

HMEPAXHMI2N 

KAIXYAERAIAION 

OPO^HTHX 

YT8 XTOYKAH 

GHXHOPOnO 

PEYXH TAPFl PO 

npoxnnoY 

KYETOIMAXA! 

OAOYXAYTOY 

TOYAOYNAI 

r N 12 X I N X 12 

TH PIAXTI2AAI2 

AYTOYENA<f>EXEI 














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PREFACE. 


xxxiii 

The leaves which contain portions of the Iliad are written 
in a character in many respects similar to that of the Codex 
Alexandrinus in the British Museum, but larger. The 
average length of the lines is about seven inches; some 
of them extend to eight. There are thirty-three lines in 
each full page. The whole quantity, therefore, amounts to 
rather more than four thousand verses, and embraces portions of 
the eleventh, twelfth, thirteenth, fourteenth, twentieth, twenty- 
first, twenty-second, twenty-third, and twenty-fourth books. 

The same remark which I have made above, respecting 
the Gospel of St. Luke, must apply here. The few leaves 
which I have collated shew some slight variations from the 
text of Heyne. The most important that I have ob¬ 
served is the omission of about one line in each page, or 
one in every thirty-four verses of Heyne’s text. I cannot 
affirm that this is generally the case, but I have found 
it to be so in four or five instances where I have made 
the collation* The page, however, which I have selected 
as a specimen presents the converse of this, by adding a 
line after the tenth of the twenty-second book. I have 
been guided by no other reason in making the selection of 
this than by the circumstance of its containing the end of 
one book and the beginning of another. This specimen is 
printed in the type copied from the Alexandrian manuscript.f 
The letters at the end of the lines in a smaller form are 
also found in a smaller character in the manuscript. I have 
added the accents as I have been able to read them at pre- 


* The Cardinal Mai makes a similar remark with respect to the illustrated frag¬ 
ments in the Ambrosial Library.—“ Versus aliquot in mediis paginis desunt, quos 
partim a criticis expunctos autUmo, partim etiam scribarum socordia prastermis- 
sos, qua de re docto lectori per se facile judicare licebit." See Prooem. p. xxxii. 

t I have to express my thanks to Mr. Richard Taylor for kindly allowing 
me the use of the type for this purpose. 

00 « 



XXXIV 


PREFACE. 


sent: there is no doubt, however, that there were others, 
which have been so effectually erased as to leave now no 
traces of their existence. 

It is my wish to publish the whole of the portions of Homer 
contained in these leaves, page for page and line for line, in 
the Alexandrian type, as in the accompanying specimen, and 
to add a facsimile of several of the most legible pages, for the 
purposes of illustration of palaeography. The text itself of a 
manuscript of this great antiquity undoubtedly merits publi¬ 
cation, both for the objects of criticism, and as supplying a test 
of the degree of fidelity with which the Iliad has been handed 
down by the various scribes during the very long interval 
between the period when this copy was made and the next 
earliest manuscript containing the same portions of this work. 
The papyrus roll in the possession of Mr. Bankes, although 
supposed to be some centuries older even than the manuscript 
now before me, contains only six hundred and seventy-eight 
lines of the last book of the Iliad*, while the number found in 
the illustrated fragmentsf of the Ambrosial library at Milan 
does not amount to eight hundred. J As those fragments pro¬ 
bably do not exceed, if indeed they equal, this palimpsest in 
antiquity, while the greater part of them belongs to the ear¬ 
lier books, this manuscript must contain at least about three 
thousand lines of Homer’s poem, transcribed some hundreds 
of years before any other copy which is now known to exist. 

The last ten leaves of this palimpsest, containing a part of 
the tenth book of Euclid’s Elements, belong to a manuscript 
not quite so ancient as the two preceding. 

* See Gentleman’s Magazine, 1825, P. I. p. 62, and a description, facsimile, and 
collation of this MS. by Mr. Cornwall Lewis in Philol. Museum, Vol. i. p. 177. 

t Iliados fragmenta antiquissima cum picturis: item scholia vetera ad 
Odysseam ; edente Angelo Maio, Ambrosiani collegii Doctore, fol. Mediolani 
Regiis typis mdcccxix. I See Procem. p. xxxii. 







PREFACE. 


XXXV 


III. 

Among the important matters discussed by the assembled 
bishops of Christendom at the council of Nice was the 
question respecting the day on which Easter was to be cele¬ 
brated. This was a subject which had been agitated, not 
without great and bitter animosity, even from the very infancy 
of the Church; and Constantine*, anxious to remove for ever 
this cause of dissension, referred the matter to the grave 
deliberation of that first oecumenical council. This question, 
therefore, having been finally settled by the decision that 
Easter should be uniformly celebrated upon the first Lord’s- 
day after the Jewish Passover, agreeably to the custom of 
the Roman and other churches f, the duty of determining 
accurately the day on which Easter was to be observed for 
the whole of Christendom was delegated to the patriarch of 
Alexandria. To him alone, it appears, this office belonged; 
nor were the bishops of Rome able to interfere at all in the 
matter, even although it should be certainly proved that the 
Alexandrian bishops had made erroneous calculations, and 
appointed the festival at an improper period. Upon such 
occasions, therefore, it was necessary for the Roman bishop 
to appeal to the emperor, and intreat him to admonish the 
bishop of Alexandria to use more caution in determining 
the day of Easter, and thus preserve the whole of Christen¬ 
dom from falling into error on this head. Leo the Great J 
furnishes us with an instance of this. 


* See Eusebius de Vita Constantini, Lib. iii. c. 5. 14. 18.19. 
t See the Letter of the Council to the Church of Alexandria in Socrates 
Eccles. Hist. Book i. c. 9, and an English Translation of it in Cave’s Life of 
St. Athanasius, Section iii. §. xii. 

+ See his Letter to the Bishop Julianus, written A.D.453.—Unde quia non 
mediocris mihi sollicitudo generatur, ne apud JEgyptios haec persuasio robore- 

tur, 



XXXVI 


PREFACE. 


The custom also obtained from the same period in the 
province of Egypt* *, that, immediately after the festival of 
Epiphany, the patriarch of Alexandria should send a notifica¬ 
tion to all the towns and monasteries within his jurisdiction 
of the day on which they were to commence the fast of Lent, 
as well as that on which they were to celebrate the festival of 

tur, ad christianissimum et clementissimum Principem scripta direxi, quibus 
causam scrupuli diligenter exposui, et suppliciter postulavi, ut operam suam, 
quemadmodum consuevit, religionis cultui impendat: ut eos, qui hujus supputa- 
tionis perfectam videntur habere notitiam, in unum jubeat convenire, et diligenter 
inquirere, ne forte haec definitio teneatur, et hie excessus qui prioribus videtur 
repugnare temporibus, nostrae conuiventiae vel negligentiae deputetur, et fiat in 
nostris diebus, quod nunquam ante praesumptum est. Quia vero oportet fra- 
ternitatem tuam curae istius mecum esse participem, et ne quid tale accidat 
praecavere, crebrius religiosissimo et fidelissimo Principi dignare suggerere, ut 
indissimulanter jubeat iEgyptios admonere, ne in summae fesdvitatis die, aut 
dissensione aliqua, aut transgressione peccetur. See Leonis Opera, 2 voll. fol. 
Romae, 1755. Yol. ii. p. 370. 

* Cassian, in the fifth century, writes thus:—Intra iEgypti regionem mos 
iste antiqua traditione servatur, ut peracto Epiphaniorum die, quem provinciae 
illius sacerdotes vel Dominici baptismi, vel secundum carnem nativitatis esse 
definiunt, et idcirco utriusque sacramenti solemnitatem non bifarie, ut in occi- 
duis provinciis, sed sub una diei hujus festivitate concelebrant, epistolae ponti- 
ficis Alexandrini per universas iEgypti ecclesias dirigantur, quibus et initium 
Quadragesima?, et dies Paschae non solum per civitates omnes sed etiam per 
universa monasteria designentur. See Cassian, Collat. x. cap. i. Edit. Lugduni, 
1606, p. 364. 

Synesius, in his Epistle to Theophilus of Alexandria, alludes to this practice. 
Ta Te yap aWa rto filco Kepbog av ei'rjg crco&pevog, Ka\ peylart] 'KpoaQrjKYj r<3 
bibaaKaAeito tov "KpiCTov yiverai 6 rcov TravrjyvpiKcov fiifiAicov apidpog , tois 
eviavToig ervvav^avopeveg. Synesii Opera, fol. Lutet. 1612, p. 172. 

Leo I., in his Letter to Marcianus Augustus, A.D.423, writes thus respecting 
this matter: Paschale etenim festum, quo sacramentum salutis humanae 
maxime continetur, quamvis in primo semper mense celebrandum sit, ita 
tamen est lunaris cursus conditione mutabile, ut plerumque sacratissimae diei 
ambigua occurrat electio, et ex hoc fiat plerumque, quod non licet, ut non simul 
cmnis ecclesia, quod non nisi unum esse oportet, observet. Studuerunt itaque 
Sancti Patres occasionem hujus erroris auferre, omnem hanc curam Alex- 
andrino Episcopo delegantes : quoniam apud iEgyptios hujus supputationis 

antiquitus 



PREFACE. 


XXXV11 


Easter. Such was the origin of Festal or Paschal Letters.* * 
The bearers of these letters, as it appears from Synesius of 
Cyrene, writing at the commencement of the fourth century, 
were well received in all places to which they came, supplied 
with every thing that they needed, and furnished with fresh 
beasts to continue their journey. 

The first Festal or Paschal Letter which was made public 
after this decision of the council was consequently written by 
Alexander, bishop of Alexandria, when he returned to his see 
upon the termination of the deliberations of the bishops who 
had been assembled at Nice. That he wrote at least one 
Festal Letter is certain, from the work which I now give to 
the public. This was for the forty-fourth year of the era of 
Diocletian, under the consulship of Januarinus and Justus, or 
A.D. 328f, when Easter-day was fixed for the sixteenth of the 
month Pharmuthi of the Egyptian Calendar, or the fourteenth 
of April of the Roman. He died six days afterwards, on the 
twenty-second of the same month Pharmuthi, and was suc¬ 
ceeded by Athanasius, who was consecrated on the fourteenth 
of the month Payni following. 

The death of Alexander and the elevation of Athanasius 


antiquitus tradita esse videbatur peritia, per quam, qni annis singulis dies prae- 
dictae solemnitatis eveniret, Sedi Apostoliae indicaretur, cujus scriptis ad lon- 
ginquiores ecclesias indicium generale percurreret. See Leonis M. Opera, 
2 voll. fol. Romae, 1755. Vol. ii. p. 367. 

* Synesius writes, in his letter to the Presbyter Peter — Tw be ^ iaKopi(TTYjv 
tcov Travt] t yvpiKcov 'ypappaTwv, a Kara'yyeWei t rjv Kvplav rrjg eoprrjg rjpepav 
evveaKCudeKaTtjv tov (pappond), prjvog, cog Tt]g en ri ravTtjv d'yovo’tjg WKTog to 
dvaardiJLpov e^ovarjg pvtTTrjpLov, tovtov feed TpocnovTa feat eiraviovra (piXavdpco- 
. Triag cnrdartjg d^icbcrare' teal apoifirj £(bcov e(p’ etedrepa r irep\{rare, d(TTig virep tov 
prj •yeveadai ra'ig €KicAr](rlaig eWnreg e'Oog apyauov feed 7r arptov, peaoig eavrov 
t dig T(bv 'jvoXepioov on Xoig eTrebcoKev. p. 173. 

t See Clinton’s Fasti Romani, p. 328. 





XXXV111 


PREFACE. 


have been most generally assigned to the year A.D. 326* * * § ; 
but the information afforded by the writer of the Introduc¬ 
tion to these Festal Letters of Athanasius, as exhibited in 
this Syriac version, is evidently more authentic and more 
deserving of credit, both because he appears to have been 
cotemporary, and because the first Festal Letter of Athana¬ 
sius, which doubtless he wrote in the year immediately follow¬ 
ing his election, was for the forty-fifth year of the era of Dio¬ 
cletian, when Constantine Augustus was consul for the eighth 
time, and Constantine Caesar for the fourth, or A.D. 329. 

From the period of his consecration till the time of his 
death, Athanasius, agreeably to the custom established, con¬ 
tinued to issue his Festal Letters, although not without occa¬ 
sional interruption, as it will appear in the sequel. He died 
on the seventh day of the Egyptian month Pachon, in the 
fourth consulship both of Valentinian and Yalens, or on the 
second of May A.D. 373.f 

He was succeeded in the patriarchate by Peter +, who also, 
during the time that he occupied the see of Alexandria, con¬ 
tinued the practice of indicating the period of Lent and 
Easter by Festal Letters.§ The same method was doubtless 

* Baronii Ann. A. 326. Cavers Life of Athanasius, Section iv. §. i. See 
Clinton’s Fasti Romani, p. 381. The origin of this date having been assigned 
to the elevation of Athanasius, seems to be the passage in the letter of 
Ursacius and Yalens addressed to him, in which it is stated, that not five 
months had passed after the council of Nice before Alexander died (See 
Athan. Opera: ed. Par. 1698. Vol. i. p. 177); but it is very uncertain to what 
year this refers. 

t Socrates, Book iv. c. 20, assigns the date of his death to the year of the 
consulship of Gratian and Probus 2d, or A.D. 371, but wrongly. See note, 
p. 235 of Reading's edition. 

+ See Renaudot, Historia Patriarcharum Alexandrinorum, p. 100. 4to. Paris, 
1713. 

§ See ibid, p. 101. 




PREFACE. 


XXXIX 


observed by Timotheus, who sat next upon the episcopal 
throne of Alexandria. We have still three of those written by 
Theophilus, his successor, extant in a Latin translation made 
by Jerome* * * § : there is a passage quoted from the first by Cos- 
mas Indicopleustesf; and I have also observed citations 
from several of them among the writings of different authors 
contained in the Syriac collection now in the British Museum.{ 

Theophilus was succeeded by his nephew Cyrill, who, still 
continuing the custom of indicating the day upon which Easter 
was to be celebrated, seems however to have substituted 
Homilies || for Letters, although he himself in one instance 
uses the denomination Letter.§ 

Jerome If, in the brief notice of Athanasius in his Catalogue 

* In Biblioth. Patrum: edit. La Bigne, 8 voll. fol. Paris. Vol. iii. p. 123. 
See Cassian. Collat. x. c. i. and Synesius loc. cit. See note, p. Iii. 

t See Cosmas Indicopleustes, Topographia Christiana, in Vol. ii. p. 318, 
of “Collectio Nova Patrum et Scriptorum Graecorum; a B. de Montfaucon.” 
2 voll. fol. Paris, 1706. p. 320. 

I The eighteenth is cited by Severus of Antioch in his work against John 
Grammaticus, Cod. Add. 12,157, fol. 208, and others in 12,158, fol. 199, 
12,155, f. 11. b., 14,529, f.4. b., &c. &c. 

II The title prefixed to these in the edition of the works of Cyrill, fol. 
Lutet. 1638, is o{m\icu coprao-riKai ; but in the Vatican MSS. they are called 
eopTCKTTiKol \o<yoi. See Oudin, Com. de Scriptoribus Ecclesiasticis, Vol. i. 
p. 1032. 

§ See Prologue to Horn. xii.: Ou <pi\oTip.iag rjfuv rrjg ev Xo^oig eiri^ei^cg 
r ys t yov€, to Xo'yuhov, %<yovv r) eiricrToXrj. Vol. v. par. 2. p. 269. Edit. Lutet. 1638. 

See De viris illus. No. 87. All that he says is merely, et copracm/ccu 
epistolae. Erasmus, ignorant of the nature of these letters, gives the following 
note: “ Id est de festis diebus.” Nor was the learned Montfaucon better in¬ 
structed on this head. In his Preface to the edition of the works of Athanasius 
he writes thus: “ Sed nulla, opinamur, jactura major quain epistolarum eopra - 
(ttlkcov, aut Festalium, sive in ccetu ecclesiae legendarum, quas item laudat 
Hieronymus. Has ingenti numero Athanasius, cum Arianici furoris declinandi 
causa in deserto Thebaidis latens ageret, ad plebem catholicam Alexandrinam 
misit. Atque ut ex iis quae hodie supersunt fragments conjectare licet, magna 
pars in enarranda et deploranda ecclesiae calamitate versabantur,” p. xv. 




xl 


PREFACE. 


of ecclesiastical writers, mentions the Festal Letters, but gives 
no intimation of their number, probably leaving that to be in¬ 
ferred from the duration of his patriarchate, which would assign 
one Letter to every year that he held the see of Alexandria. 
This computation would raise the number of these Letters to 
forty-five, which indeed is the highest number cited by Cosmas 
Indicopleustes*, who evidently indicates the Letter by the nu¬ 
merical year of the episcopate of Athanasius, and not by the ac¬ 
tual number of the Epistles w T hich he wrote. It is evident, from 
the Introduction, that for several years circumstances prevented 
him from sending any letter to determine the day of Easter. 

Severus, bishop of Aschmonin, as cited by Renaudotf, 
makes the number of Paschal Letters amount to forty-seven. 
The origin of this seems to be, that having followed the 
authority of those who assigned the elevation of Athanasius 
to A.D. 326, instead of A.D. 328, and calculating one letter 
for every year, he was thus led to infer that they amounted 
to two more than the real term of his episcopate would imply, 
and to several more than the actual quantity which he wrote. 

In the lapse of time the original Greek of the whole of this 
collection of Festal Letters was lost, with the exception of a 
fragment of the thirty-ninth, preserved by Theodoras Balsa- 
monj, already mentioned, and small portions of the second, 


* P. 318. Socrates, Book iv. c. 20, states that Athanasius held the Patriar¬ 
chate forty-six years. Sozomen, Book vi. c. 19, about forty-six. 
t Historia Patriarch. Alexandr. p. 96. 

} Montfaucon, following the former edition, 2 voll. fol. Paris, 1627, Vol. ii. 
p. 38, has printed this fragment in his edition, Vol. i. p. 961, of the works 
of Athanasius, 2 voll. fol. Paris, 1698, but he has omitted those cited by 
Cosmas Indicopleustes, Vol. ii. p. 316. Probably he was not aware of their 
existence at that time; although his words in the Preface to his edition of 
Athanasius seem to imply that he became acquainted with them before it was 
published. Gallandi has inserted them in his Bibliotheca Vett. Patrr, Vol. v. 
p. 217. 






PREFACE. 


xli 


fifth, sixth, twenty-second, twenty-fourth, twenty-eighth, 
twenty-ninth, fortieth, forty-second, forty-third, and forty- 
fifth, cited by Cosmas Indicopleustes in his Topographia 
Christiana.* 

Severus of Antioch had also quoted the twenty-seventh, 
twenty-ninth, and forty-fourth, in his work against Gramma¬ 
ticus ; but the original Greek of this work having been de¬ 
stroyed, we have only the Syriac version of the extracts 
contained in it, which are printed in page \i of this 
volume. 

The loss of any of the writings of a man who has made so 
great a figure in the world as Athanasius must necessarily 
have been a subject of regret to every enlightened scholar 
and divine; and I cannot refrain from citing here the words 
of the learned Montfaucon, which, at the same time as they 
shew his sorrow for the loss of this collection of Letters of 
Athanasius, imply a latent hope of their being still recovered, 
which the publication of this volume in a great measure has 
realized. “ Hoi, Hei quam pungit dolor amissi thesauri! 
quantum ad historiam, ad consuetudines ecclesiarum, ad 
morum praecepta hinc lucis accederet. Et fortassis adhuc 
alicubi latent in Oriente, ubi bene multa extant.” t 

Having made these observations respecting the Festal 
Letters of Athanasius from information which I have obtained 
from other sources, I proceed to offer some additional remarks, 
which are supplied by the work itself now before me. 

The manuscript, as I have observed above, is incomplete, 
and does not contain the whole collection; but the Introduc¬ 
tion supplies us with all the chronological data that we 
should probably have been able to gather from the Letters 
themselves. The following title is prefixed to it—“An 

* P.316. 

0) 


t See Preface to his edition of Athanasius, p. xv. 
/ 




xlii 


PREFACE. 


Index of the month of every separate year, and of the days, 
and the Indictions and Consulates, and Governors in Alex- 
dria; and of all the Epacts, and of all those that are called 
the Gods, and the reason why some letters were not sent, 
and the answers of strangers, from the Festal Letters of the 
Pope* Athanasius.” 

I have already stated, from the authority of this Introduc¬ 
tion, the date of the death of Alexander, and of the consecra¬ 
tion of Athanasius. 

There are certain chronological data furnished by this work 
as it marks the periods at which Easter was celebrated during 
the patriarchate of Athanasius. Such are the notices of the 
Consulates (C C), of the years of the era of Diocletian (E. D), of 
the Indictions (I), and of the day of the Egyptian (E.M), of the 
Roman (R.M), and the Lunar month (L.M), upon which Easter 
was observed in each succeeding year; of the Epacts (E), and 
of a septenary cycle called “ that of the Gods”t (G). Although 
these may have been already supplied from other sources, 
it nevertheless cannot be otherwise than satisfactory, for pur¬ 
poses of history and chronology, to represent them here as 
they are found in a work of an antiquity approaching to 

* The title Pope, Papa, although perhaps originally common to all 
bishops, seems especially to have belonged to the bishops of Alexandria, and 
was afterwards assumed by the bishops of Rome. The reader will find some 
curious information respecting the origin of the name in a dissertation by 
Abr. Ecchellensis, “ De origine nominis Papae, nec non de illius proprietate 
in Romano Pontifice,” appended to his work, entitled, “ Eutychius Patriarcha 
Alexandrinus vindicatus, et suis restitutus Orientalibus; sive Responsio ad 
Joannis Seldeni Origines.” 4to. Romae, 1661. 

t That is, the Concurrentes, called also Epactae Solis, or Epactae Majores. 
See, respecting them, Dionysii Petavii opus de Doctrina Temporum: edit. 
J. Harduin. 3 voll. fol. An tv. 1705. Vol. i. p.344, and Dissertation sur les 
Dates. §. xviii. Des Concurrens et des Lettres Dominicales; in “ L’Art de 
Verifier les Dates.” The designation of the Gods seems to refer to the names 
of the days of the week. 





PREFACE. 


xliii 


fifteen centuries, which is now brought to light for the first 
time after the lapse of so many ages. I proceed, therefore, to 
exhibit, in the numerical order of the years which intervened 
between the elevation of Athanasius to the patriarchate of 
Alexandria and his death, such of these notices as are sup¬ 
plied by the Introduction, the Inscriptions to the Letters, and 
the Letters themselves, so far as they go; and to mention 
briefly, under each year, such matters as appear to be more 
especially worthy of notice. 

All the facts which I adduce, unless other authority be 
distinctly stated, have been taken from the information af¬ 
forded by the writer of the Introduction. When I have 
merely translated his own words I have marked the passage 
with inverted commas. It would be foreign to my present 
purpose to stop to compare these facts and dates with those 
supplied by other writers, in order to ascertain their agree¬ 
ment or variation. I act only in the capacity of a pioneer to 
such as are happy in having more leisure to arrange their 
plans for literary invasion, and to secure the fame and reward 
of their conquests. 

I. 

(CC) Constantine Augustus 8th, Constantine Caesar 4th. 

(E.D) 45. (I) 2. (E.M) xi Pharmuthi. (R.M) viii Id. 

April. (L.M) 21. (E) 6. (G) 2. 

The subject of this first letter is stated to be “ on Fasting, 
and Trumpets and Festivals.” It is almost entirely horta¬ 
tory, as indeed are most of these letters, and abounds in quo¬ 
tations from the Old and New Testaments, but it contains no 
fact which may tend to throw light upon the history of that 
period. 

II. 

(CC) Gallicianus, Aurelius Symmachus. (E.D) 46. (I) 3. 



xliv 


PREFACE. 


(E. M) xxiv Pharmuthi. (R. M) xiii Kal. Mai. (L. M) 15. 
(E) 17. (G) 3. 

In this year Athanasius went about through the Thebaid.* 


III. 

(CC) Annius Bassus, Ablabius. (E.D)47. (1)4. (E.M)xvi 
Pharmuthi. (R. M) iii Id. April. (L.M) 18. (E)28. 

He sent this letter when he was on his journey in returning 
from his attendance upon Constantine, who had summoned 
him before him in consequence of an accusation laid against 
him by his enemies that he had been consecrated before he 
had attained the proper age. He experienced, however, a 
favourable reception from the emperor, and returned when 
the fast (of Lent) was already far advanced.! Athanasius 
alludes in the letter to the troubles and afflictions which had 
been brought upon him by the malice of his heretical enemies. 


IV. 

(CC) Ovinius Pacatianus, Moecilius Hilarianus. (E.D) 48. 


* A passage from the epistle for this year has been cited by Cosmas Indico- 
pleustes, which I give here, with a literal translation of the corresponding 
words of the Syriac version, which may serve in some measure to shew the de¬ 
gree of accuracy with which the Syriac translator performed his task. 


T ov a<y lov Adavacrlov e/e rrjg devrepag 
eopraariKrjg. 

Tevolto y av wap* rj/xuv TTpeirovrcog 
eKaarore /mev , /xaXiara tie ev ra?g r/p ce- 
patg rrjg eoprrjg, pr/ /jlovov aKpoaral , aA- 
Aa Kal 'iroir/ral ra>v rov So>t^j oog 7 rpoa- 
Ta'y/dariov ryevco/xeda’ Xva Kal rov tcov 
A7 uov rpoTTov /u/xY/aa/devoi , crweicre A- 
6(op.ev elg ty/v rov ~Kvplov airavGrov re 

V 3/ / y y rs / 

kul ovrcog /tevovaav ev ovpavoig %apav. 
Topograph. Christ, p. 316. 

t This notice seems rather to belon< 


“ It would be also from us becoming, 
if indeed at all times, but more espe¬ 
cially in the days of the festival, that 
we should not be hearers, but also 
doers of the commands of our Saviour; 
that also imitating the manner of the 
Saints, we may enter together into the 
joy of our Lord which is in heaven, 
which passeth not away, but truly 
abideth.” P.21. 

to the following letter than this. 






PREFACE. 


xlv 


(I) 5. (E.M) xvii Pharmuthi. (R.M) iv Non. April. 

(L.M) 20. (E)9. (G) 6. 

“ This year he went about through Pentapolis, and was in 
Ammoniaca.” The inscription of the letter itself states that 
it was written from the Comitatus. At the commence¬ 
ment of the letter Athanasius writes that he sent it later 
than the usual period; but hopes that those to whom it 
was addressed would pardon this, both on account of the 
great distance, and because he had been suffering from 
illness. He had delayed, indeed, to write; but never¬ 
theless had not forgotten the duty incumbent upon him 
of notifying to them the day when Easter should be cele¬ 
brated. And although the letter arrived after its time, he 
trusted that it would not be esteemed ill-timed, inasmuch as 
it informed them that his enemies had been put to shame 
and rebuke by the Church, because they had persecuted him 
without a cause. He finishes this letter with the following 
words: “ Salute ye one another with a holy kiss: the brethren 
who are with me salute you. We have sent this letter from 
the Comitatus by the hand of Officilius*, to whom it has been 
given by Ablabius, the governor of the Prsetorium, who sincerely 
fears God. For I am present at the Comitatus, having been 
called by the Emperor Constantine to see him. But the Me- 
letians who were present there, being envious, calumniated us 
before the emperor; but they were put to shame, and driven 
away thence as calumniators, having been confuted in many 
things. Those who were driven away from thence were Calli- 
nicus, Ision, Eudaemon, and Gelous Hieracammonf, who, on 
account of the shame of his name, calls himself Eulogius.” 

* This may perhaps be a mistake for the Latin officialis. 

t The three former of these names are mentioned by Constantine himself, in 
his letter quoted by Athanasius in his Apology against the Arians: Opera, Vol. i. 
p. 178. 




xlvi 


PREFACE. 


Y. 

(CC) Dalmatius, Zenophilus. (E.D) 49. (I) 6. (E.M) xx 

Pharmuthi. (R.M) xvii Kal. Mai. (L.M) 15. (E) 20. 

(G) 7* 

VL 

(CC) Optatus Patricius, Anicius Paulinus, (E.D) 50. (1)7. 

(E.M) xii Pharmuthi. (R.M) vii Id. April. (L.M) 17. 

(E) 1. (G)l.f 

This year he went about through the lower country. He 
was also called to a Synod; but when he perceived that in¬ 
jury had been already prepared for him in Caesarea of Pales¬ 
tine, he excused himself from going out. 


VII. 

(C C) Julius Constantinus, Rufinus Albinus. (E. D) 51. (I) 8. 
(E.M) ivj Pharmuthi. (R.M) iii Kal. April. (L.M) 20. 

(E) 12. (G) 2. 

At the end of this letter it is written, “ The eighth and 


* The following from this epistle is 
T ov avrov e/c rrjg e. eopTafTTiKtjg. 

K ai 7Tj oog ravra rig licavog ; tov piev 
<yap Kocrpiov ai/uaTi tov 'ZcoTtjpog r\~ 
A evQepoicre, tov abrjv iraAiv tw tov So>- 
Ttjpog OavctTco 'iraTeicrOcu dedto/ce, real elg 
Tag ovpaviovg irvAag ave/ATrobicTTov t oig 
avep^opievoLg Trjv obov 'irapacr^aiv .— 
Topog. Christ, p. 316. 


cited by Cosmas Indicopleustes: 

“ And for these things who is suffi¬ 
cient ? For he liberated the world by 
the blood of our Saviour. Then, again, 
he gave hell to be trodden down by 
the death of our Saviour; and he open¬ 
ed the gates of heaven, giving, through 
our Saviour, a way without hindrance 
to those who are going up.” P. 37. 


t From this also a few words are quoted by the same. 


Tov avTov 6K TYjg s' - eopTao-TCKrjg. 
Kai ovT(og eopTacravTeg Svvr]6a)p.ev 
eiaeAdeLv elg t rjv tov ’X.piaTov 
ev t rj ficKriAela tcov ovpavcov. Ibid. 


“ And in these things having kept 
the feast, we may be able to enter into 
the joy of our Lord in the kingdom of 
heaven,” p. <5. 


Correct here an error of the Press: read ,-JjctjIul] for and 

for 

l In the Introduction xiv. erroneously. 







PREFACE. 


xlvii 


ninth letters do not exist, because he sent none, for the reasons 
I have before stated,” alluding to the Introduction. 

VIII. 

(CC) Nepotianus, Facundus. (I) 9. (E.M) xxiii Pharmuthi. 
(R.M) xiv Kal. Mai. (L.M) 20. (E) 23. (G) 4. 

This year he went to a Synod assembled by his enemies 
at Tyre, having departed on the seventeenth of Epiplii; 
but when he was informed of the preparations which they 
were making against him, he fled thence by sea to Con¬ 
stantinople. Having arrived there on the second of the 
month Athyr, after eight days he appeared before Con¬ 
stantine ; and when he had used much openness of speech, 
his enemies moved the emperor by various accusations, and 
he suddenly condemned him to exile. He departed for Gaul, 
to go to Constans Caesar, on the tenth of the same month. 
For this cause he wrote no Festal Letter this year. 

IX. 

(CC) Felicianus, Titianus. (I) 10. (E.M) viii Pharmuthi. 
(R.M) iv Non. April. (L.M) 16. (E) 4. (G) 5. 

“ He was in Treveri of Gaul: on this account he was not 
able to write any Festal Letter.” 

X. 

(CC) Ursus, Polemius. (E.D) 54. (I) 11. (E.M) xxx Pha- 
menoth. (R. M) vii Kal. April. (L.M)18|-.* (E) 15. (G)6. 

Constantine having died on the twenty-seventh of the month 
Pachon, Athanasius returned with much honour from Gaul on 
the twenty-seventh of the month Athyr. Among other events 
of this year, St.Anthony made a visit to Alexandria; and 


* The Introduction has 19. 



xlviii 


PREFACE. 


having remained there only two days, in which he caused 
much wonder, and healed many, he departed on the third 
day in the month Messori. 

Athanasius begins this letter, which perhaps would furnish 
the happiest specimen of the whole collection, in the follow¬ 
ing manner, alluding to his late exile in Gaul: “ Although I 
have been all this distance from you, my brethren, I have 
not forgotten the custom among you which has been deli¬ 
vered to us from the fathers, so far as to hold my peace, and 
not indicate to you the period of the holy festival in every 
year,” &c. 

XL 

(CC) Constantius 2d, Constans 1st. (E. D) 55. (I) 12. (E.M) 
xx Pharmuthi. (R.M) xvii Kal. Mai. (L.M) 20. (E) 26. 
(G) 7. 

There were many tumults during this year, and Athana¬ 
sius, having been pursued on the night of the twenty-second 
of the month Phamenoth, escaped the next morning from 
the church of Theonas*, after having baptized many. Four 
days later Gregorius of Cappadocia entered the city as bishop. 

In this letter (p.56) he quotes a passage from the book 
called “ Hermas, or the Shepherd,” in the following manner: 
“But if one will not be offended also at the testimony of the 
Shepherd, it may be well; who says, even at the beginning of 
his book, Before all things believe that there is one God , who 
created and established every thing , and from non-existence made 
them to exist .f 

t This was the principal church of Alexandria, and was built by Alexander, 
Patriarch of that city, as Athanasius himself informs us in his apology to Con¬ 
stantine. '0 7 ap naK.apiTY)[ ; ’AA e^avhpog, crrevaiv ovtcov tcov aWcov tottcov, kccI 
oiKoSopicov r tjv rore pLei^ova vo/ju^o/uevr)v eKK\*](riav TYjv Ka\ovp.evr}v © ecova . 
Opera, edit. Paris. 2 voll. fol. 1698. Vol. i. p. 304. 

I This is taken from the second book. Mandat. I. “ Primum omnium, cre¬ 
dere quod unus est Deus, qui omnia creavit et consummavit, et ex nihilo 


omnia 





PREFACE. 


xlix 


At the end of this letter is appended the following 
Epistle: 

“To the beloved brother, and our fellow-communicant*, 
Serapion. Thanks be to Divine Providence for those things 
which it at all times vouchsafes to us; for it has vouchsafed 
to us now also to come to the season of the festival. Having, 
therefore, according to custom, written the letter respecting 
the festival, I have sent it to thee, our beloved, in order that 
by thy hands all the brethren also might be able to know the 
day of rejoicing. But because some Meletians, being come 
from Syria, have boasted that they have received wdiat does 
not belong to them, I mean, that they also have been reckoned 
in the Catholic Church;—for this reason I have sent to thee a 
copy of a letter from those of our fellow-communicants who 
are from Palestine, that when thou meetest with it thou mayest 
know the fraud of these pretenders in this. For, because 
they boasted, as I have said before, it was necessary for me to 
write to the bishops who are in Syria; and immediately those 
of Palestine sent to us a reply, having fulfilled the judgment 
against them in the manner which you will learn from this 


omnia fecit.” See Cotel. Patt. Apostol. p. 85, ed. Amstel. 2 voll. fol. 1724. 
This same passage occurs more than once in the writings of Athanasius. 
In his treatise De Incarnatione Verbi Dei : Atd tie Trjg coepeXipuoTaTrjg filfiAov 
tov II oipevog’ Upctirov tclvtcov TriGTevTov, otl eTg ecrnv o &eog, o rd tt avra 
KTLcrag kol Karaprlarag, kgu tt oLYjcrag etc tov pt] ovTog elg to eivai. Athanas. 
opera : edit. Paris. 2 voll. fol. 1698. Yol. i. p. 49. In that De decretis Nicaenae 
Synodi, he speaks of it as cited by the Eusebians. *Ev tie r<3 II oipevi ^e^pai:- 

TO.C 6TTeitirj KCU TOVTO KOLL TOL p.Y] OV 6K TOV KOLVOVOg TVpO(T(j)epOV(TL’ 'TpCOTOV 7TCIVTCOV : 

k. t. ibid. p. 223. In the Epistle to the African bishops he again mentions it 
as quoted by the Eusebians, ibid. p. 895. In the fragment of the thirty-ninth 
Festal Letter he also speaks of the work of Hermas as not being one of the 
canonical books, ibid. p. 963, and in the Syriac version, p. . 

* Literally, “ Son of our Ministry.” It seems to be a translation of avXAei- 
Tovp>y(o, as in the inscription of his Epistle to Epictetus, p. 901, ibid. 

( p ) . 9 





1 


PREFACE. 


copy. For that thou mayest not peruse the letters of all the bi¬ 
shops one after the other, I have sent thee one which is similar 
in purport to all the rest, so that thou mayest know from this 
even the will of them all. But I know that being convicted in 
this also, they will acquire perfect odium with every man. 
So much, then, respecting the pretenders. But I have also 
deemed this very necessary and very urgent that I should also 
make it known to your modesty—for I have written this to 
every individual—that thou shouldest preach the fast of Lent 
to the brethren, and persuade them to fast, on this ground, that 
when all the rest of the world is fasting, we who are in Egypt 
may not be derided as being the only people who do not ob¬ 
serve the fast, but take our pleasure during those days. For 
if we do not fast on this account—that the Letter is then 
read—it is right that we should take away this pretext also, 
and that it be read before the fast of Lent; so that men may 
not allege this as a pretext for not fasting: even when it is 
read they may be instructed respecting the fast. But, oh 
our beloved, whether in this manner, or whether otherwise, 
persuade them and teach them to observe the fast of Lent. 
For it is even disgraceful that when all the world does this, 
those who are in Egypt alone should take their pleasure in¬ 
stead of fasting. For even I, being grieved on this account 
that some deride us in this matter, have been thus constrained 
to write to thee. When, therefore, thou receivest these let¬ 
ters, and readest and persuadest, write to me in return, our 
beloved, that I also, being informed, may rejoice.” In the 
remainder of the letter Athanasius informs Serapion what 
changes, in consequence of death or otherwise, had taken 
place among the bishops of various cities, “ in order,” he con¬ 
tinues, “ that thou mayest write to them, and receive from 
them canonical letters.” At the end it is stated that he 




PREFACE 


li 


wrote this letter from Rome, and that the twelfth is not 
extant.* 

XII. 

(CC) Acyndinus, Proclus. (1) 13. (E.M) xiv Pharmuthi, 

(R.M)iiiKal. April. (L.M)15. (E)7. (G)2. 

“ Gregorius continued to hold sway, committing many acts 
of violence : for this cause he wrote no Festal Letter. When 
the Arians had proclaimed it for the twenty-seventh of the 
month Phamenoth, and were much derided on account of this 
blunder, in the middle of the fast [of Lent], having altered 
their intention, they celebrated it (Easter) with us on the 
fourteenth of Pharmuthi, as it has been mentioned above. 
But he (Athanasius) indicated it to the presbyters of Alex¬ 
andria by a short note, because he was unable to send the 
letter as usual, on account of flight and treachery.” 

XIII. 

(C C) Marcellinus, Probinus. (E. D) 57. (I) 14. (E. M) xxiv 
Pharmuthi. (R.M) xiii Kal. Mai. (L. M) 16. (E) 18. 
(G) 3. 

ec Augustamnice was divided, because Gregorius continued in 
the city committing acts of oppression; and having begun to 
be ill, neither did this Pope write a Festal Letter.” 

It is plain that by the Pope, in this place and in the fol¬ 
lowing, the writer must mean Gregorius. At the beginning 
of this letter Athanasius states that he wrote it from Rome. 

XIV. 

(CC) Constantius 3d, Constans 2d. (E.D)58. (1)15. (E.M) 

* By an oversight in mistaking this letter to Serapion immediately follow¬ 
ing the eleventh for the twelfth Festal Letter, I have erroneously stated, at 
p. iii., that the twelfth was contained among the fragments of the manuscript 
brought from Egypt by Dr. Tattam. 



lii 


PREFACE. 


xvi Pharmuthi. (R.M) iii Id. April. (L.M) 16. (E) 29. 
(G) 4. 

“ Because Gregorius was in the city, being very ill, the 
Pope was not able to send.” A note at the end of this letter 
states that the fifteenth and sixteenth were missing. 

XV. 

(CC) Placidus, Romulus. (1)1. (E.M) i Pharmuthi. (R.M) 
viKal. April. (L.M) 15. (E) 11. (G) 5. 

“ In this year there was a Synod in Sardica; and when the 
Arians were arrived at Philippopolis they returned, because 
Pliilagrius gave them this counsel there. Indeed they were 
blamed in every place, and were even anathematized by the 
Church of the Romans. And when they had written a recanta¬ 
tion to the Pope Athanasius, Ursacius and Valens were put to 
shame. There was an agreement made in Sardica respecting 
Easter, and they consented to a decision for fifty* years, which, 
according to custom, the Romans and Alexandrians announce 
in every place. Then he wrote a Festal Letter.” 


* Before the end of this period of fifty years we find Theophilus publishing 1 
his table for a hundred years, A.D. 380; which, continuing in effect till the 
days of Leo I., was attacked by him as incorrect. See “ Observations in Veterum 
Patrum et Pontificum Prologos et Epistolas Paschales.” 4to. Amst. 1734, pp. 65. 
111 . I cannot refrain from quoting a passage from the author of this work in 
this place, which entirely coincides with the conclusion at which I had arrived 
myself long before I read this passage. “ Ego, quod attinet occasionem harum 
epistolarum, rem mecum sic reputo. Leo Papa, pertaesus authoritatis Patri- 
archarum Alexandrinorum, qui in materia Paschali praevalebant, et ipsi quasi 
legem dabant, et eum anno Christi 444 coegerant Pascha contra regulas Lati- 
norum indicere, putabat se occasionem jam nactum esse in Paschate anni 
Christi 455 reprehendendi Alexandrinos, etrem.eo deducendi, ut illi cogerentur 
a suis placitis desistere, et se Latinis in celebratione Paschatis conform are.” 
Ibid. p. 119. 





PREFACE. 


liii 


XYI. 

(CC) Leontius, Sallustius. (1)2. (E.M) xx Pharmuthi. 

(R.M) xvii Kal. Mai. (L.M) 19. (E) 21. (G) 6. 

“ As Athanasius was returning from the Synod, he cele¬ 
brated Easter this year at Naissus.” He gave only a short 
indication of the day on which Easter was to be observed to 
the presbyters at Alexandria, but was not able to send to the 
country.” 

XVII. 

(CC) Amantius, Albinus. (E.D) 61. (I) 3. (E.M)xii Phar¬ 
muthi. (R.M) vii Id. April. (L.M) 19.* (E) 3. (G) 1. 

“ This year he made a journey to Aquileia, and there cele¬ 
brated Easter. He indicated briefly the day of Easter to the 
presbyters in Alexandria, but not to the country.” 

As this is the shortest letter in the whole collection I 
translate it here. 

“ Athanasius to the presbyters and deacons of Alexandria, 
and brethren beloved, salutation in Christ. According to cus¬ 
tom I give you notice respecting Easter, my beloved, that you 
also may give notice to the districts! of those who are at a dis¬ 
tance, agreeably to the usual practice. Therefore,after this pre¬ 
sent festival, I mean this which is on the twentieth of the month 
Pharmuthi J, the ensuing Easter-day will be the vii th of April, 


* The Introduction has 18. 

t The word | b .*&**&, which I have rendered by ‘ districts/ I can find in no 
Lexicon. It seems to be borrowed from , and would then signify a dis¬ 
trict under a Shaikh. It may perhaps, from the analogy of the signification, 
mean ‘ presbyteries/ 

+ From this it appears that Athanasius gave notice at Easter in the year of 
our Lord 344 upon what day Easter was to be observed in A.D. 345, and 
not immediately after the Epiphany, as stated by Cassian. See note x. p. xxxvi. 
above. 





liv 


PREFACE. 


or, according to the Alexandrians, on the twelfth of Phar- 
muthi. Give, therefore, this notice in all those districts 
Easter-day will be the vii th of April or, according to the 
Alexandrians, on the twelfth of Pharmuthi.’ That ye may be 
in health in Christ I pray, my brethren beloved.” 

XVIII. 

(CC) Constantius 4th, Constans 3d. (E. D) 62. (I) 4. (E. M) 
iv Pharmuthi. (R.M) iii Kal. April. (L.M) 21.* (E) 14. 
(G) 2. 

“ Gregory having died on the second of Epiphi, he (Athana¬ 
sius) returned from Rome and Italy, and entered into the 
city and the Church. And he was judged deserving of a 
wonderful reception, all the people, and those in authority, 
going to meet him for a hundred miles, on the twenty-fourth 
of Paophi. He continued to be honoured. He had previ¬ 
ously sent the Festal Letter for this year to the presbyters in 
a few words.” 

XIX. 

(CC) Rufinus, Eusebius. (E.D) 63. (I) 5. (E.M) xvii Phar¬ 
muthi. (R.M) i Id. April. (L.M) 15. (E) 25. (G) 3. 

“ He wrote this letter while he was at Alexandria, giving 
indication of some things which he had not been able to do 
before.” After having given notice of the festival of Easter, 
and added the salutation as usual at the end of the letter, he 
subjoins the following information, which I have translated, 
as supplying some curious facts respecting the state of the 
bishops under the patriarchate of Athanasius. 

“ I have also, as a thing necessary, given diligence to in¬ 
form you respecting the appointment of the bishops which 


* The Introduction has 24. 




PREFACE, 


lv 


has taken place for our blessed fellow-communicants, in order 
that you may know to whom you may write, and from whom 
receive letters. In Syene, therefore, Nilammon is appointed, 
in the room of Nilammon of the same name. In Latos*, 
Mases, in the room of Ammonius. In Coptos, Psenosiris, in 
the room of Theodorus. In Panos, because Artemidorus has 
requested it on account of his old age and infirmity of body, 
Arius is appointed in conjunction with him. In Hypsele, 
Arsenius, having become reconciled to the Church. In 
Lycos, Eudsemon, in the room of Plusianus. In Antinous, 
Orion, in the room of Ammonius and Tyranus. In Oxyryn- 
chus, Theodorus, in the room of Pelagius. In Nilopolis, 
Amatas and Isaac, having been reconciled to each other, in 
the room of Theon. In Arsenoites, Andreas, in the room of 
Silvanus. In Prosopontis, Tranadelphus, in the room of 
Serapammon. In Diosphacus, which is on the river’s side, 
Theodorus, in the room of Serapammon. In Saiton, Paph- 
nutius, in the room of Nemesion. In Xois, Theodorus, in 
the room of Anubion; and there is also with him Isidorus, 
having become reconciled to the Church. In Sethroites, 
Orion, in the room of Potammon. In Clysma, Tityanus, 
in the room of Jacob; and there is with him also Paulus, 
having been reconciled to the Church.” 

XX. 

(C C) Philippus, Salia. (E. D) 64. (1)6. (E.M) viii Phar- 
muthi. (R.M) iii Non. April. (L.M) 18. (E) 6. (G) 4. 

“ He sent this also while he was residing in Alexandria.” 

* Latos, that is Latopolis, as Panos for Panopolis, and Lycos for Lycopolis. 
We ought perhaps to read Prosopis for Prosopontis, Triadelphus for Tranadel¬ 
phus, Diospolis for Diosphacus, &c.; but the orthography of these proper 
names is too irregular to admit of certainty and accuracy in recognising them, 
and is rendered still more doubtful by the manuscript, which scarcely dis¬ 
tinguishes between the J and a . 




lvi 


PREFACE. 


This letter, which is the last that I have found, is imper¬ 
fect. The chronological data for the remaining years must 
therefore be supplied from the Introduction only. 

XXL 

(CC) Limenius, Catullinus. (I) 7. (E.M) xxx Phamenoth. 

(R.M) vii Kal. April. (L.M) 19. (E) 17. (G) 6. 

“ But because the Romans refused, for they said they had 
a tradition from the Apostle Peter not to pass the twenty- 
sixth day of Pharmuthi, nor the thirtieth of Phamenoth, on 
the twenty-first day of the moon * * * * * * 

vii Kal. April. “ He sent this letter also while he was residing 
in Alexandria.” 

XXII. 

(C C) Sergius, Nigrianus. (I) 8. (E. M) xiii Pharmuthi. 

(R.M) vi Id. April. (L.M) 19. (E) 28. (G)7. 

“ In this year Constans was slain by Magnentius, and Con- 
stantius held the empire alone. And then he wrote to the 
Pope (Athanasius) not to fear any thing in consequence of the 
death of Constans, but to place his confidence upon him as 
he had upon the other when he was alive.” 

XXIII. 

The consulate after that of Sergius and Nigrianus. (I) 9. 

(E.M) v Pharmuthi. (R.M) i Kal. April. (L.M) 18. 

(E)9. (G) 1. 

XXIY. 

(CC) Constantius Augustus 5th, Constantius Caesar 1st. 

(1)10. (E.M) xxiv Pharmuthi. (R.M) xiii Kal. Mai. 

(L.M) 18. (E) 20. (G) 3. 

“ Gallus was proclaimed Caesar, who changed his name to 
Constantius.” 


PREFACE. 


lvii 


XXV. 

(CC) Constantius Augustus 6th, Constantius Caesar 2d. 
(I) 11. (E. M) xvi Pharmuthi. (R. M) iii Id. April. (L. M) 
21. (E) 1. (G) 4. 

“ In this year Serapion, bishop of Thmuis, and Triadelphus 
of Nicion*, and Petrus and Astricius, presbyters, and others, 
were sent to the emperor Constantius, because they were 
afraid of the injury of the Arians. They returned without 
effecting their object. In this year Montanus the Silentiarius 
from the palace entered; and when there had been a tumult 
he returned ineffectual.” 

XXVI. 

(CC) Constantius Augustus 7th, Constantius Caesar 3d. 
(1)12. (E.M) iv Pharmuthi. (R.M) vi Kal. April. (L.M) 
17. (E) 12. (G) 5. 

XXVII. 

(CC) Arbetion, Lollianus. (I) 13. (E.M) xxi Pharmuthi. 

(R.M) xvi Kal. Mai. (L.M) 18. (E) 23. (G) 6. 

“ In this year Diogenes, the secretary of the emperor, came, 
being desirous of seizing upon the bishop, but he also re¬ 
turned in vain and ineffective.” 

XXVIII. 

(CC) Constantinus Augustus 8th, Julianus Caesar 1st. (I) 14. 
(E.M) xii Pharmuthi. (R.M) vii Id. April. (L.M) 17. 
(E) 4. (G) 1. 

“ In this year Syrianus Dux, when he caused a great tumult 
in the church on the thirteenth of Mechir, having entered 
into the church of Theonas with his forces on the night of the 

* This seems to be Nicii, the 071 at the end of the word being- probably the 
termination of the genitive case, which the Syrian translator has retained here, 
as he seems to have done in other instances of proper names. 

0 ) h 




lviii 


PREFACE. 


fourteenth, was not able to take him, for he escaped in a 
wonderful manner.” 

XXIX. 

(C C) Constantinus Augustus 9th, Julianus Caesar 2d. (I) 15. 

(E.M) xxvii Phamenotli. (R.M) x Kal. April. (L.M) 17. 

(E) 15. (G) 2. . 

“ Then Georgius entered on the thirtieth of Mechir, and 
carried things with a high hand with violence. But Athana¬ 
sius the bishop was fled. And he was searched for in the 
city with much affliction, many undergoing dangers on this 
account. Therefore no Festal Letter was written.” 

XXX. 

(CC) Tatianus, Cerealis. (I) 1. (E.M) xvii Pharmuthi. 

(R.M)i Id. April. (L.M) 17. (E) 26. (G) 3. 

“ The bishop Athanasius was in Alexandria concealed; 
but Georgius departed on the fifth of Paophi, having been 
driven away by the multitude. On this account the Pope 
w^as not able to send a Festal Letter this year also.” 

XXXI. 

(CC) Eusebius, Hypatius. (1)2. (E.M) xix Pharmuthi. 

(R. M) i Non. April. (L.M) 20. (E) 7. (G) 4. 

“ Neither this year did the Pope write.” 

XXXII. 

(CC) Constantius Augustus 10th, Julianus Cassar 3d. (1)3. 

(E. M) xxviii Pharmuthi. (R. M) ix Kal. Mai. (L. M) 21. 

(E) 18. (G) 6. 

“ The Governor (Faustinus) and Artemius having entered 
into a common house and a little cell in search for Athanasius 


PREFACE. 


lix 


the bishop, bitterly tormented Eudemonis, a perpetual virgin. 
On this account he did not write this year.” 

XXXIII. 

(CC) Taurus, Florentius. (I) 4. (E.M) xiii Pharmuthi. 

(R.M)vi Id. April. (L.M) 17. (E) 29. (G) 7. 

a Neither was he able to send this. But in this year Con- 
stantius died; and when Julianus held the empire alone there 
was respite from the persecution against the orthodox: but 
the orders of Julianus in every place were, that the orthodox 
churchmen should be left alone who had been persecuted in 
the time of Constantius.” 

XXXIV. 

(CC) Mamertinus, Nevitta. (I) 5. (E.M) xv Pharmuthi. 
(R.M) i Kal. April. (L.M) 25. (E) 10. (G) 1. 

“ In this year, in the month Mechir, Athanasius the bishop 
returned from his flight to the Church, at the command of 
Julianus Augustus, who released all the bishops and clergy 
who were in exile, as it has been said above. This year, 
then, he wrote.” 

XXXV. 

(C C) Julianus Augustus 4th, Sallustius. (I) 6. (E. M) xxv 
Pharmuthi. (R.M)xii Kal.Mai. (L.M)20. (E)21. (G)2. 

Athanasius having fled to Thebais, when he heard of the 
death of the emperor Julian returned to Alexandria secretly 
by night. And when, on the eighth of Thoth, he embarked 
at Hierapolis of the east, he met the emperor Jovianus, and 
was sent onward also by him with much honour. He sent 
this Festal Letter when he was persecuted from Memphis to 
Thebais to all the country, it having been delivered according 
to custom. 




lx 


PREFACE. 


XXXVI. 

(C C) Jovianus Augustus, Varronianus. (I) 7. (E. M) ix Phar- 
muthi. (R.M)i Non. April. (L.M) 16. (E)3. (G) 4. 

“In this year the Pope (Athanasius) entered the city of 
Alexandria and the Church on the twenty-fifth of Mechir. 
But he sent the Festal Letter, according to custom, from 
Antioch, to all the bishops, who were in all the province.” 

XXXVII. 

(CC) Valentinianus 1st, Valens 1st. (I) 8. (E.M) i Phar- 

muthi. (R.M) v Kal. April. (L.M) 19. (E) 14. (G) 5. 

“We took the Caesareum; but then again the Pope (Atha¬ 
nasius), having been persecuted by accusers, withdrew to the 
garden of the New River; and after a few days Barasides the 
secretary came to him with the governor, and made him 
enter into the Church. And there having been an earth¬ 
quake on the twenty-seventh of Epiphi, the river turned from 
the east and destroyed many persons, and much damage was 
done.” 

XXXVIII. 

(CC) Gracianus 1st, Dagalaiphus. (I) 9. (E.M) xxi Phar- 
muthi. (R.M) xvi Kal. Mai. (L.M) 20. (E) 25. (G) 6. 

“ The heathen having made an attack on the twenty-seventh 
of the month Epiphi, the Caesareum was burnt: many of 
the citizens, therefore, were in great affliction, and those who 
had been the cause were condemned and exiled.” 

XXXIX. 

(CC) Lupicinus, Jovinus. (I) 10. (E.M) xvi Pharmuthi. 

(R.M) Kal. April. (L.M) 16. (E) 6. (G) 7. 

“ This year, when Lucius attempted to enter on the twenty- 
sixth of the month Thoth, and he was concealed during the 


PREFACE. 


lxi 


night in a house which was by the side of the church, and 
Tatianus the governor, and Trajanus Dux brought him forth, 
he went out of the city and escaped in a wonderful manner, 
while the mob sought to kill him. In this year he wrote, 
framing a canon * respecting the Holy Scriptures/’ 

XL. 

(CC) Valentinianus 2d, Yalens 2d. (I) 11. (E.M) xxv Phar- 
muthi. (R.M) xii Kal. Mai. (L.M) 16. (E) 17. (G) 2. 

“ He began to build the Cmsareum anew, having been 
honoured with a royal mandate on the sixth of the month 
Pachon, through Trajanus Dux, who also discovered those 
who had burnt it; and immediately he cleared away the rub¬ 
bish caused by the fall and the fire, and afterwards, in the 
same month Pachon, began the building also.” 

XLI. 

(CC) Valentinianus, son of Augustus 1st, Victor. (I) 12. 
(E.M) xxviif Pharmuthi. (R.M) i Id. April. (L.M) 15. 
(E) 28. (G) 3. 

“ The Pope Athanasius began to build in Mendedeus J the 
church which is called after his own name on the twenty- 
fifth of the month Thoth, at the commencement of the eighty- 
fifth year of the era of Diocletian.” 

XLII. 

(CC) Valentinianus 3d, Valens 3d. (I) 13. (E.M) ii Phar¬ 
muthi. (R.M) iv Kal. April. (L.M) 15. (E) 9. (G) 4. 

“ The Pope completed the church called after his own 

* He refers to the portion of this epistle which has been already mentioned 
as cited by Theodorus Balsamon, and of which the Syriac version is printed 
at page . -n . 

t This ought to be xvii. 


| Perhaps Mendesium, 





Ixii 


PREFACE. 


name at the end of the eighty-sixth year of the era of Diocle¬ 
tian, in which also he completed the dedication on the four¬ 
teenth of Messori.” 

XLIII. 

(CC) Gratianus 2d, Probus. (I) 14. (E.M) xxii Pharmu- 

thi. (R.M) xv Kal. Mai. (L.M) 16. (E) 20. (G) 5. 

XL1Y. 

(CC) Modestus, Arintheus. (I) 15. (E.M) xiii Pharmuthi. 
(R.M) vi Id. April. (L.M) 19. (E) 1. (G) not 1. 

XLY. 

(C C) Valentinianus 4th, Yalens 4th. (I) 1. (E. M) v 

Pharmuthi, (R.M) i Kal. April. (L.M) 21. (E) 12. 

(G) 1. 

“ When this was finished, he departed this life in a won¬ 
derful manner on the seventh of the month Pachon. Here 
end the chapters, that is to say, the heads of the Festal Let¬ 
ters of Saint Athanasius, bishop of Alexandria.” 





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